A key proposition underpinning EU competition law is that competing companies should act independently on markets. In principle, rivalry and competition can be expected...
This Practice Note is important first stage reading for analysing vertical restraints, that is, restrictions in vertical agreements caught by Article 101(1) TFEU (see The...
Intellectual property (IP) agreements relating to, for example, licensing of technology and for the joint development of new technology, may have a restrictive effect on...
There are several ways in which a supplier can distribute its product. A supplier may: • distribute products or services itself • use a distributor, or • use an agent. In...
This Practice Note makes frequent references to two legal instruments issued by the European Commission that are designed to assist parties and their advisors in...
As with other commercial arrangements, 'franchise agreements' are potentially subject to EU and Member State competition law requirements (in particular, the Article...
What is a joint commercialisation agreement? Joint commercialisation agreements involve cooperation between competitors with regard to the selling, distribution or...
Joint production agreements, whereby two or more parties agree the terms under which a product may be produced, are capable of giving rise to significant benefits for...
Joint purchasing agreements are agreements under which two or more companies (and indeed, often a significant number of companies) agree to jointly purchase all or part...
Land agreements are not an area that most people would associate with competition law concerns but care is needed to ensure that no such concerns arise. A land agreement...
Research and Development agreements (R&D agreements) are agreements under which two or more parties agree to jointly execute research work and/or jointly develop the...
Standardisation (or standard-setting) is a common practice and plays an important role in many industries and society more broadly—bringing about clear benefits by, for...
Most-favoured nation clauses (MFNs, also called parity clauses) are vertical arrangements whereby the terms and condition of supply are set by reference to the terms and...
Most manufacturers do not distribute their products themselves. Establishing a captive retail system is expensive and manufacturers normally outsource such activities to...
Europe Austria GTDT Vertical Agreements 2018 Austria European Union GTDT Vertical Agreements 2018 European Union France GTDT Vertical Agreements 2018 France Germany GTDT...
Information exchange is a regular commercial practice which can increase transparency of price and other commercially sensitive information and, in some instances,...
Information exchange is a regular commercial practice which can increase transparency of price and other commercially sensitive information and, in some instances,...
Vertical agreements pervade the business landscape in recognition of the often substantial commercial benefits that they engender. In terms of structure, a vertical...
A joint venture is a commercial arrangement whereby two or more independent companies combine or pool their resources, assets or business units in order to develop a...
The Vertical Restraints Block Exemption Regulation (VRBE, Regulation No 330/2010) defines a category of vertical agreements which the European Commission will normally...
