International contracts

Contracts with a cross-border or international trading element typically present additional contractual and commercial considerations, and risks for commercial lawyers (in comparison with purely domestic contracts). This subtopic examines the key drafting considerations in international contracts, as well as the commercial, practical and logistical issues of trading internationally, in particular in relation to transport of goods overseas, insurance and security of both performance and payment.

For a comparison of the treatment of individual cross-jurisdiction legal topics, see the International comparator tool, and also the series of topic guides provided in conjunction with Lexology Panoramic: Lexology Panoramic: topic guides—overview.

International contracts

Knowing how to identify an international contract is important as it will impact the key issues, as well as the relevant time scales and priorities. A contract may be considered international if the parties are based, or hold significant assets, in different jurisdictions, or if any of the parties' obligations are to be performed in different jurisdictions. Where a contract has an international dimension to it, fundamental processes such as contract formation and execution may require particular attention, as well as the interpretation and assumption as to the

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CMA speech outlines consumer protection progress under DMCCA 2024 consumer regime

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has published a speech by its Acting Executive Director for Consumer Protection, Emma Cochrane, outlining the CMA’s progress and future priorities under the consumer protection provisions of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCCA 2024). The speech reflects on the first 10 months of the regime, which came into force in April 2025. Cochrane describes the DMCCA 2024 as marking a ‘genuine shift’ in UK consumer enforcement, noting that, for the first time, the CMA can decide whether consumer protection laws have been infringed, rather than having to litigate through the courts, and can issue penalties directly where breaches are found. She says the CMA’s approach to exercising these powers is guided by its ‘4Ps’ principles: pace, predictability, proportionality and process. She also highlights the CMA’s publication of updated guidance and engagement with businesses to support compliance under the new regime, and points to the new banned practices relating to fake reviews introduced by the DMCCA 2024. Looking ahead, she says further enforcement action can be expected, particularly in areas of essential household spend and in relation to fake reviews, unfair contract terms and drip pricing where businesses fail to change their behaviour. She concludes that the CMA is beginning to see the deterrent effect of the new regime, with businesses investing in training and reviewing practices, and says the CMA will continue to use its new powers ‘thoughtfully, strategically and effectively’ to protect consumers and support compliant businesses.

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