Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits agreements which may affect trade between Member States and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion...
Cartels are considered to be the most pernicious anti-competitive practices under Article 101 TFEU. As such, they are subject to a specific legal regime, which includes,...
There are several ways in which a supplier can distribute its product. A supplier may: • distribute products or services itself • use a distributor, or • use an agent. In...
Land agreements are not an area that most people would associate with competition law concerns but care is needed to ensure that no such concerns arise. A land agreement...
Most-favoured nation clauses (MFNs, also called parity clauses) are vertical arrangements whereby the terms and condition of supply are set by reference to the terms and...
The concept of concerted practice laid down in Article 101(1) TFEU enables the European Commission (Commission), national competition authorities and national courts to...
Article 101(1) TFEU and Article 102 TFEU will only apply to market conduct (whether agreements/concerted practices or unilateral conduct) that may...
Article 101(1) TFEU prohibits agreements and concerted practices which may affect trade between EU Member States and which may have the object or effect of preventing,...
ARCHIVED–this archived practice note provides information on EU competition law and big data and algorithms and reflects the position at the date of publication (11...
Generally, agreements that have either the object or effect of restricting, distorting or preventing competition are prohibited. Agreements with an anti-competitive...
Under EU competition law, a parent company may be held jointly and severally liable for antitrust violations committed by its subsidiary, where the parent...
The prohibition on anti-competitive agreements applies to 'decisions by associations of undertakings', agreements entered into by individual undertakings and collusive...
The interaction between state involvement in the market, competition and EU law needs to be considered from a number of often interrelated dimensions. The competition law...
The concept of ’single and continuous infringement‘ (SCI) enables the European Commission (and national competition authorities more generally) to lump a series of...
A joint venture is a commercial arrangement whereby two or more independent companies combine or pool their resources, assets or business units in order to develop a...
A key proposition underpinning EU competition law is that competing companies should act independently on markets. In principle, rivalry and competition can be expected...
The creation of the Competition and Market Authority (CMA) was accompanied by a radical change in the element of the criminal cartel offence the prosecuting authorities...
ARCHIVED–this archived practice note provides information on pre—2014 criminal cartel offence and reflects the position prior to the entry into force of the Enterprise...