White Paper and post-Brexit immigration

This sub-topic looks at the trajectory of structural changes to UK immigration policy from the end of the Brexit transition period. It covers the citizens’ rights settlement agreed with the EU and its domestic implementation, the initial post-Brexit immigration system which applied to both EEA and non-EEA citizens which was put into place by the previous Conservative government, and the immigration White Paper ‘Restoring control over the immigration system’ published by the Labour government on 12 May 2025 which sets out significant changes it intends to introduce over the course of this Parliament.

Citizens’ rights

On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum on its European Union (EU) membership. A 51.9% majority voted in favour of the UK leaving the EU (‘Brexit’). On 29 March 2017, the UK government gave formal notification of the UK's intention to withdraw from the EU under Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). As of exit day (11 pm on 31 January 2020), the UK is no longer an EU Member State.

European Economic Area (EEA)/Swiss citizens (termed ‘EEA citizens’ for these purposes) and their family members

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Safe Passage International challenges Home Office refugee family reunion suspension

Safe Passage International has brought a legal challenge against the Home Office’s suspension of the Refugee Family Reunion pathway for child and partner reunification, which took effect on 4 September 2025, arguing that the decision is unlawful, irrational, and in breach of duties to safeguard children and comply with the Equality Act 2010. Safe passage notes that according to Home Office data, in the last year, more than 5,000 children have crossed the Channel, over half of them alone. Women and children are especially impacted by the suspension, making up 92% of all Refugee Family Reunion grants. The organisation states that the suspension forces refugees to use more restrictive and costly immigration routes intended for British citizens and settled migrants, imposing high fees, income thresholds, and procedural barriers that most refugees cannot meet, particularly women, children, and people with disabilities who previously formed the majority of applicants. Safe Passage and its legal representatives at Asylum Aid report significant psychological harm to separated families and warn that the remaining routes overlook the realities of those fleeing conflict and persecution, thereby increasing the likelihood that refugees will attempt unsafe journeys. Their case, lodged in November 2025 and granted permission in February 2026, highlights families unable to reunite, including one separated in Gaza, and is brought amid wider government plans to introduce further restrictions on refugee family reunion.

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