Court and the legal profession

This topic contains information that applies to the civil courts generally, such as links to court guides published by the individual courts and details of fees charged in the civil courts.

For detail of the structure and hierarchy of civil courts in England and Wales, see: Courts and Tribunals Judiciary—Structure of Courts and Tribunals System.

Online dispute resolution and the online court

Lord Justice Briggs, in his Final Report on the Civil Courts Structure Review, which was published on 27 July 2016, recommended the creation of an online court for the resolution of certain disputes. Since that report, there has been much discussion among the judiciary and elsewhere of the concept of online dispute resolution (ODR) and the need for digitisation of the dispute resolution process for civil proceedings in England and Wales.

HM Courts and Tribunals Service embarked on a significant reform programme for the justice system, which included the introduction of schemes to test online court environments.

The Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 also provided for Online Procedure Rules (OPR) to govern practice and procedure of online civil proceedings, and for the introduction

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Latest Dispute Resolution News

Dispute Resolution weekly highlights—12 February 2026

This week's edition of Dispute Resolution weekly highlights includes: analysis of a number of key DR developments and key judicial decisions including the 193rd Practice Direction update and the Court of Appeal decision in South Bank Hotel Management Company Ltd v Galliard Hotels Ltd (limitation); dates for your diary; details of our most recently published content; and other information of general interest to dispute resolution practitioners.

Without notice orders under the Chabra jurisdiction and the gateways for permission to serve out of the jurisdiction (Gilbert v Broadoak)

Dispute Resolution analysis: This case concerns a worldwide freezing order (WFO) which had been obtained on a without notice basis as against two overseas third parties under the Chabra jurisdiction. At the return hearing, the freezing order was discharged by the High Court, on the basis that the court lacked personal jurisdiction over the respondents. The judge held that none of the jurisdictional gateways within CPR PD 6B, para 3.1 applied. As such, and even though there was evidence to the effect that there was a risk of dissipation of funds, the lack of jurisdiction was decisive and led to the discharge of the WFO. The court also considered that there were breaches of the duty of fair presentation at the without notice hearing, but that these were not sufficient in themselves to justify discharging and not continuing (or reimposing) the order. Written by Georgia Whiting, legal counsel (contentious construction), Capita.

Minutes of the OPR Committee meeting—17 November 2025

The minutes of the Online Procedure Rule Committee (OPRC) meeting of 17 November 2025 (conducted in a hybrid format at The Rolls Building (Royal Courts of Justice) and via video conference) cover a number of issues including feedback from the committee’s open meeting, prioritisation of work on the draft Inclusion Framework, possible expansion of the OPRC’s rulemaking powers (including proposals relating to online civil money and damages claims), property and possession rule development (including paper forms for non-digital users), and an update on Residential Property Tribunal digitisation and service coherence.

Court of Appeal confirms narrow scope for post-limitation substitution in wrong defendant cases (Adcamp LLP v Office Properties)

Dispute Resolution analysis: The Court of Appeal has ruled that CPR 19.6(3)(b) does not permit substitution of defendants after expiry of the relevant limitation period where such substitution would change the essential facts necessary to establish liability against the substituted defendant. The claimants (respondents in the appeal) had issued proceedings against firms which had acquired the alleged wrongdoers, believing that any liabilities had been transferred. When it emerged (or was at least disputed) that liabilities had not been transferred, they sought to add or substitute the predecessor firm after limitation had expired. The Court of Appeal concluded that CPR 19.6(3)(b) was not engaged since the substitution would change the claim in substance, as an essential element of the case against the original defendant (the pleaded basis for the acquiring firm’s liability) would be replaced by the primary liability claim against the substituted defendant. It was, in effect, a different claim against a different party. The Court of Appeal was clear that any perceived harshness this might cause to claimants could not be mitigated by adopting a broad reading of CPR 19.6(3)(b). Rather, it considered the problem (if any) was caused by earlier binding Court of Appeal authority which had confined the ‘mistake’ gateway in CPR 19.6(3)(a) to errors of name (misnomer) and excluded cases of mistaken legal responsibility/liability (identity). Any solution, if required, would therefore be a matter for the Supreme Court.

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