UK-EU agreements

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This subtopic explains the principal legal frameworks governing the UK–EU relationship. It covers the UK–EU Withdrawal Agreement (WA) including the Windsor Framework, and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA), examining their legal effect, governance and domestic implementation, together with the UK processes for treaty scrutiny, ratification and implementation.

Withdrawal Agreement and Windsor Framework

The WA is the legally binding international treaty governing the terms of the UK’s withdrawal from the EU. It entered into force on 1 February 2020. Its principal continuing provisions concern citizens’ rights, financial commitments, separation issues arising from the UK’s withdrawal, and the Windsor Framework relating to Northern Ireland.

The WA has a distinctive position in domestic law. Section 7A of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 gives effect in UK law to the relevant provisions of the WA and requires domestic law to be read and have effect consistently with them. The WA also provides for joint governance arrangements, including the Joint Committee and specialised committees, as well as procedures for resolving disputes.

The Windsor Framework, agreed in 2023, amended the arrangements previously...

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