Migration Observatory publishes updated statistics on EU migration post-Brexit
The Migration Observatory has published a statistical briefing analysing EU migration to and from the UK and the size and characteristics of the EU-born and EU-national population. It reports that net migration of EU citizens has been negative since 2022 and estimates that, between mid-2021 and mid-2025, around 162,000 more EU nationals left the UK than arrived, largely because of a sharp fall in immigration rather than widespread departure among those already resident. Using 2021–22 Census data, it estimates around 4 million EU-born residents in the UK, representing 6% of the population and 37% of the foreign-born, and around 5.3 million EU passport holders including dual nationals, noting that reliable post-2021 population estimates by nationality are not available. It attributes the sustained decline in EU immigration primarily to changes following the 2016 referendum and the end of free movement in December 2020, alongside factors such as uncertainty about the UK’s political and economic environment, while situating these trends within a broader rise and subsequent fall in overall UK net migration after 2021.