Carriage of goods

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International sale of goods transactions

An international sale of goods transaction has three principal components:

  1. •

    a contract of sale and purchase between the seller and buyer

  2. •

    payment of the contract price by the buyer to the seller, and

  3. •

    carriage of the goods, the subject matter of the contract of sale

Modes of carriage

Arranging the carriage of the goods will be the obligation of either the seller or the buyer, as specified in the contract of sale and purchase. For information on the contractual terms agreed between seller and buyer in respect of the carriage of goods, see Practice Note: Incoterms® 2020—introduction. That carriage will be provided via one or more modes:

  1. •

    sea

  2. •

    air

  3. •

    land (rail and road), or

  4. •

    by a combination of those modes, thereby making the carriage either unimodal or multimodal

For more information on the law relating to carriage of goods by the various modes, this sub-topic contains a range of Practice Notes:

  1. •

    Sea:

    1. ◦

      Carriage of goods by sea—charterparties

    2. ◦

      Bills of lading and sea waybills

    3. ◦

      Carriage of goods by sea—the Hague-Visby Rules

    4. ◦

      Delivery

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Latest Commercial News

CMA launches consultation on draft guidance for price transparency under DMCC Act 2024

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has launched a consultation on draft guidance for businesses on the price transparency provisions of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCC Act). The guidance outlines how traders should present pricing information in invitations to purchase, including requirements to display the total price and avoid practices such as ‘drip’ and ‘partitioned’ pricing. It also explains how the rules apply to specific types of charges and pricing practices, and the steps traders can take to comply. The draft guidance builds on the CMA’s earlier publication on unfair commercial practices (CMA207) and focuses specifically on price transparency obligations. The CMA is seeking views from businesses, legal advisers, enforcement authorities, and consumer groups. Responses are sought by 3 July 2025 and will close on 8 September 2025.

Commercial weekly highlights—3 July 2025

This week's edition of Commercial weekly highlights includes: commentary on the Court of Appeal's decision in KSY Juice Blends UK Limited v Citrosuco GmbH which ruled that a term could be implied into the contract that the price for additional products should be the reasonable or market price, updates from the Competition and Markets Authority on its inquiry into Ticketmaster and early enforcement approach under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, and news that the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection has adopted a report proposing measures to address the rise in substandard goods entering the EU via e-commerce.

CMA outlines enforcement priorities under DMCCA and warns Ticketmaster over delay in commitments

The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) has set out its enforcement approach under the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCCA), indicating a strategic focus on early interventions and litigation in high-impact cases. The regulator has also stated it is prepared to take Ticketmaster to court if the company does not offer voluntary undertakings promptly.

ASA rulings—2 July 2025

Two complaints were received by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) about Wowcher Ltd: one concerning a misleading savings claim on a hair product and another about unfair administration of a 'Mystery Holiday' promotion. The ASA upheld both complaints.

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