Brexit

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Following a national referendum, the UK withdrew its membership from the EU on 31 January 2020. The EU and UK domestic legal landscape has continued to change throughout the withdrawal process, transition/implementation period and beyond.

The UK is now in the post-transition/implementation phase of Brexit. Brexit-related research is still relevant as the implementation of Brexit-related policy, agreements and legislation remains ongoing after the event.

We are reviewing our content on the basis of information available and keeping it under regular review. In the meantime, this subtopic contains background reading, commentary and analysis on this subject and links to related guidance and policy documents.

EU referendum

On 23 June 2016, the UK held a referendum on its membership of the EU. In accordance with the European Union Referendum Act 2015 (EURA 2015), voters were asked:

‘Should the UK remain a member of the EU or leave the EU?’

On 24 June 2016, the Chief Counting Officer for the EU referendum confirmed the result:

  1. •

    51.9% of votes (17,410,742) were cast in favour of 'Leave'

  2. •

    48.1% of votes (16,141,241) were cast in favour of 'Remain'

On

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Latest Public Law News

Committee urges government and CPS to learn lessons after 'serious systemic failures' in China espionage case

The Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy has published a report about the collapse of a major espionage prosecution under the Official Secrets Act 1911 (OSA 1911). The case, which involved allegations that two British citizens passed information about Members of Parliament to the Chinese state, was abandoned by the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) in September 2025.

Draft Order laid allowing councils to reserve below-threshold contracts to local suppliers

The Cabinet Office and Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government have announced measures to allow local authorities to reserve below-threshold public contracts for local suppliers. The draft Local Government (Exclusion of Non-commercial Considerations) (England) Order 2026 disapplies section 17(5)(e) of the Local Government Act 1988 (LGA 1988) to allow councils, police and fire authorities in England to reserve below-threshold contracts to UK-based or local area suppliers. The draft Order uses powers under section 19 of the Local Government Act 1999 and section 95 of the Procurement Act 2023 (PA 2023) to remove restrictions preventing local authorities from considering contractor location when awarding below-threshold public contracts. Under the amended rules, authorities in England will be able to reserve below-threshold contracts to UK-based suppliers and suppliers in a defined local area. The defined local area may include the authority’s own administrative area, plus neighbouring counties and London boroughs bordering the authority. Where an authority sits entirely within a single county or London borough, it can designate that entire county or borough as its local area. The Order disapplies the restriction in LGA 1988, s 17(5)(e) in relation to the award of below-threshold contracts only (as defined in PA 2023, s 5(5)). Authorities using the reservation powers must clearly advertise this in tender notices, specifying whether contracts are reserved for UK-wide or local area suppliers and defining the geographical boundaries where applicable.

Non-binary NHS worker loses claim over misgendering

Law360: An employment tribunal has rejected a non-binary National Health Service (NHS) worker's complaint over repeated misgendering at work, ruling that protections under UK equality laws did not apply.

Parole referral power guidance

The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) has published guidance on the Secretary of State’s new power under section 32ZAA of the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024, which allows certain Parole Board release decisions to be referred to the High Court. This power applies only in exceptional cases involving individuals convicted of serious offences, such as murder, rape, causing or allowing the death of a child and terrorism-related offences. A referral may be considered where release could undermine public confidence in the parole system and where there is a real possibility that the High Court would not be satisfied that continued confinement is no longer necessary for public protection. If both requirements are met, the Secretary of State may refer the case and the High Court will determine whether the statutory release test has been satisfied.

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