Recent reforms In September 2024, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) announced a consultation on proposed rule changes to strengthen safeguarding practices for payments and e-money firms—’CP24/20: Changes to the safeguarding regime for payments and e-money firms’. The FCA proposed making changes in two stages: (i) ‘interim rules’ (or the Supplementary Regime) to encourage greater compliance with existing safeguarding requirements, support more consistent record keeping and strengthening reporting and monitoring requirements, and (ii) ‘end-state rules’ (or the Post-Repeal Regime) which would replace the safeguarding requirements in the Electronic Money Regulations 2011 (EMRs 2011), SI 2011/99 and Payment Services Regulations 2017 (PSRs 2017), SI 2017/752 with a Client Assets Sourcebook (CASS) style regime (including a new statutory trust over relevant funds, see further below). The consultation was in response to growing concerns over poor safeguarding practices in the rapidly expanding payments and e-money sector (see: LNB News 25/09/2024 28 and News Analysis: FCA’s broad proposals aim to protect customer funds). In relation to the Supplementary Regime, in August 2025, the FCA issued its Policy