Legal separation describes an arrangement where spouses formally separate and regulate their financial, property and (where relevant) child‑related affairs, while remaining legally married or in a civil partnership. It is often used where parties do not wish to divorce or dissolve the civil partnership immediately, for religious, personal, financial or immigration reasons. In England and Wales, and Northern Ireland, legal separation is usually achieved by a judicial separation order under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 / Matrimonial Causes (Northern Ireland) Order 1978, or by a separation agreement or deed of separation. Judicial separation largely mirrors divorce financial relief but does not end the marriage. In Scotland, the equivalent concept is a separation agreement (minute of agreement) and, less commonly, a judicial separation under the Divorce (Scotland) Act 1976. In Ireland, legal separation generally refers to a decree of judicial separation under the Judicial Separation and Family Law Reform Act 1989, or to a separation agreement. Across all jurisdictions, legal separation clarifies ongoing rights and obligations, is often a precursor to divorce, and can have significant consequences for succession, pensions, tax and social welfare.