The relationship between the outputs from a service and the resources used to produce them; in the public sector, it involves making best use of the resources available for the provision of public services.

As EU and UK competition law have moved towards a more economics-orientated approach, undertakings suspected of engaging in potentially abusive conduct under Article 102 TFEU and/or section 18 of the Competition Act 1998 can present arguments for objective justification, including a so-called 'efficiency defence' that the efficiencies generated by the conduct outweigh the anti-competitive effects and should therefore be justified.

A ‘Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy hearings allocated to a High Court judge whether sitting at the Royal Courts of Justice or elsewhere’ (the High Court judge level efficiency statement) was issued in 2016 and is now accompanied by a ‘Statement on the efficient conduct of financial remedy hearings in the Financial Remedies Court below High Court judge level’ (the below High Court judge level efficiency statement) issued in January 2022 by the Financial Remedies Court national lead judge and deputy national lead judge.

A rule for determining interconnection prices, under which the price is composed of the incremental cost of providing the interconnection service plus the profit (including contribution to common costs) that the network operator foregoes by selling interconnection to another communications provider rather than a service to the final customer.

One of the concepts involved in modern portfolio theory (MPT) which suggests how to diversify a portfolio and estimate the risk of an asset.

A market where the prices of assets fairly reflect all available information about those assets

Effluxion of time describes a legal right, obligation or instrument coming to an end simply because the agreed or statutory period has expired, without any further act by the parties or the court. It is commonly used in relation to fixed-term contracts, commercial leases, tenancies, options, guarantees, limitation periods and procedural time limits. In UK and Irish legal practice, the term is a descriptive expression rather than a generally defined statutory concept, though it is frequently used and interpreted in case law across contract, property and litigation contexts. Key legal consequences include: automatic termination of a fixed-term lease or tenancy; expiry of an option or right of pre-emption not exercised within time; or loss of a cause of action once the limitation period has run. It can affect notice requirements, security of tenure, renewal rights and damages claims. Usage is broadly consistent across England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, though specific effects are determined by local statute (for example, landlord and tenant, limitation and prescription legislation) and the terms of the relevant agreement. Legal practitioners must check whether expiry by effluxion of time is automatic or subject to contractual or statutory modification.

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note has been archived and is not maintained. Title Decision No 2009/406/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community’s greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020—latest consolidated version (July 2013) Entry into Force 25 June 2009 Transposition Deadline n/a Amendments Annex III (List referred to in Article 15 of the Act of Accession: adaptations to acts adopted by the institutions—8. ENVIRONMENT) of Croatia’s Act of Accession to the European Union—amending Annex II of the ESD to include Croatia's commitments namely 11%. Subject Climate change—climate targets, Sources of environmental law—EU environmental law Purpose and scope of the ESD As part of the 2020 EU Climate and Energy Package, agreed in 2007, the EU made a firm commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 20% by 2020 compared to 1990. The European Council meeting of March 2007 endorsed

A report entitled 'Rethinking Construction' published by Sir John Egan in July 1998 which looked at the scope for improving the quality and efficiency of the UK construction industry. The report advocated co-operation between parties in the construction chain to achieve savings in time and costs, fewer defects and accidents, increased profitability and better construction.

The eggshell skull rule is the principle that a wrongdoer must take their victim as they find them, and is fully liable for all damage actually caused, even if the claimant had a pre-existing vulnerability that made the harm unusually severe. It commonly arises in personal injury, clinical negligence, road traffic accidents and workplace injury claims across England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, with broadly consistent application.The rule means that once factual and legal causation of some injury is established, the defendant cannot reduce liability by arguing that a “normal” person would have suffered less harm. It distinguishes between unforeseeable *extent* of damage (which does not limit liability) and unforeseeable *type* of damage (which may do so under remoteness principles.In England and Wales and Northern Ireland, it is rooted in case law such as *Smith v Leech Brain & Co Ltd*. Scots law recognises the same approach within delict, and Irish courts adopt a similar stance in negligence. The rule has major practical significance for quantum of damages, expert medical evidence, and arguments about causation, foreseeability and remoteness.

A pre-existing vulnerability or medical condition in a person which exacerbates injuries suffered.

1. What is the applicable legislation? The principal pieces of legislation governing the Egyptian foreign investment regime are Investment Law No. 72/2017 (Investment law 2017), the Law on Joint Stock Companies, Partnerships Limited by Shares and Limited Liability Companies Law No. 159/1981 (as amended) (Companies Law 1981), the Capital Market Law No. 95/1992 (Capital Market Law 1992) and their respective Executive Regulations. The principal modern reform of the Egyptian FDI regime occurred in 2017. This reform included the enactment of the Investment Law 2017 as well as amendments to the Companies Law and the Capital Market Law 1992. Subsequent reforms have continued to refine the regime, including amendments to the Investment Law 2017 that expanded and clarified certain incentives and measures aimed at streamlining incorporation, licensing and other administrative procedures for investors. In addition to Egyptian legislation, bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and double taxation treaties (DTTs) to which Egypt is a party include provisions that may apply in addition to or amend provisions of the domestic Egyptian FDI regime. 2. Which government or other body