The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a paper which critically examines the legal and financial implications of EU ESG regulations—specifically, the Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation (SFDR) (Regulation (EU) 2019/2088) and the EU Taxonomy—on banks’ public shareholdings in the battery raw materials sector. Overall, the analysis highlights the delicate balance regulators must maintain promoting improved ESG practices while ensuring the continued flow of essential capital into sectors critical to the sustainability transition.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has issued a paper examining the substantial green investment requirements for the European Union (EU) to reach its 2030 climate objectives and secure carbon neutrality by 2050. Although the ECB has emphasised the importance of private sector funding, it has also highlighted the crucial role that public funding needs to play in de-risking investments.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published its policy response to developments in retail payments, covering retail payment fraud, digital operational resilience, progress made with the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA), and the digital Euro.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a number of articles written by members of its supervisory board for the EuroFi magazine. They cover financial stability; climate and environmental risk management; crisis management; resilience of bank business models; and the Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA).

The European Central Bank (ECB) has issued its second progress report on the digital euro preparation phase, highlighting key developments since the first report in June 2024.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published its third progress report regarding the digital euro preparation phase that began on 1 November 2023. The report details progress on the draft digital euro scheme rulebook, developed with input from the Rulebook Development Group comprising European retail payments representatives. The report notes that the ECB has launched an innovation platform where 70 market participants are testing features such as conditional payments. The ECB continues providing technical expertise to EU institutions while engaging with stakeholders including merchants and vulnerable consumers, with further findings scheduled for publication in Q3 2025.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published its third set of climate-related financial disclosures, introducing a new indicator to assess the exposure of its corporate portfolios to sectors with significant dependencies or impacts on nature. The disclosures show that around 30% of the Eurosystem’s monetary policy corporate bond holdings are concentrated in the utilities, food, and real estate sectors. Emissions across most asset classes continued to decline, with corporate bonds remaining the most exposed to climate-related risks. The ECB’s tilting strategy—favouring issuers with stronger climate performance—has contributed to approximately a quarter of the emission reductions achieved between 2021 and 2024.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published the Regulation of the ECB of 27 June 2024 concerning statistics on investment funds and repealing Decision (EU) 2015/32.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a report on Facilitating the exercise of investor rights: Measures to contribute to a Savings and Investments Union (SIU). It sets out a series of proposals to improve market standards on investor rights and support the implementation of the SIU strategy.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a report presenting statistics on sanctioning activities carried out in 2023 by the ECB and the national competent authorities (NCAs) participating in the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) in relation to breaches of prudential requirements.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has published a final revised guide to internal models, covering general topics, credit risk, market risk and counterparty credit risk, and clarifying the ECB’s understanding of the rules. The new version discusses climate-related risks, and details the requirements for common definitions of default, counterparty credit risk, default risk in the trading book and how to return to standardised approach.

The European Central Bank (ECB) has imposed two administrative penalties amounting to a total of€1,685m on Banque et Caisse d'Epargne de l'Etat, Luxembourg (the bank) for misreporting calculated risk-weighted assets for market and credit risk,breaching market and credit risk reporting rules.