Cover pricing is the practice of one or more bidders in a tender process obtaining an artificially high price from a competitor—this cover bid is priced so as not to win the contract but is submitted as a genuine bid. This gives the client a misleading impression as to the extent of competition and distorts the tender process.

Refers to the range of a mobile cellular network, measured in terms of geographic coverage (the percentage of the territorial area covered by mobile cellular) or population coverage (the percentage of the population within range of a mobile cellular network).

What are covered bonds? Covered bonds are debt securities backed by a ring-fenced pool of high quality assets. They have the following specific features: • issuer—they are issued by credit institutions or, under the UK regulated covered bonds regime, authorised deposit-takers • collateral—they are supported by a cover pool (referred to as the asset pool in the UK regime), commonly comprising residential or commercial mortgage loans public-sector exposures and permitted liquid assets • dynamic asset pool—the asset pool is dynamic rather than static, so that assets which have been repaid or have defaulted can be replaced by new assets • dual recourse—bondholders have recourse both to the issuer of the bonds and the pool of assets • statutory and regulatory regime—the bonds are issued under a statutory and/or regulatory regime which is intended to ensure that: ◦ the asset pool is segregated from the other assets of the issuer ◦ the asset pool is sufficient to cover repayment of the covered bonds ◦ bondholders have a priority claim over the asset pool which is unaffected by

[insert date of letter] [insert name of employee] [insert address of employee] Dear [insert name of employee] [insert name of Company] (the Company ) Option granted under the [insert name of CSOP] (the Plan ) I am delighted to notify you that the directors of the Company have approved the grant of a company share option plan (CSOP) share option (Option) to you under the Plan. I enclose the option certificate which confirms the grant of the Option to you, together with a copy of the Plan rules which govern your Option. Summary of the terms of the Option The Option will entitle you to purchase [insert maximum number and type of shares which can be exercised pursuant to the Option deed of grant] shares in the Company (Shares) on [insert date / event on which options normally become exercisable] at a price of [insert exercise

[Insert date of letter] [Insert name of employee] [Insert address of employee] Dear [insert name of employee] [Insert name of Company] (Company) Option to be granted under the [insert name of EMI scheme] (the Scheme) I am delighted to notify you that the directors of the Company have approved the grant of an enterprise management incentives (EMI) share option to you under the Scheme (Option). I enclose a copy of the rules of the Scheme and the option agreement which needs to be executed by you and the Company in order for the grant of the Option to take effect. The Option will entitle you to acquire [insert maximum number and type of shares which can be exercised pursuant to the option agreement] shares in the Company (Shares) at a price of [insert exercise price of shares] per Share [if there is an ‘Exit’ event of the Company (which is broadly a takeover of the Company[, an asset sale or a listing of its shares] [, a share trading event on a Private Intermittent

[insert date of letter] [insert name of employee] [insert address of employee] Dear [insert name of employee] [insert name of Company] (the Company) I am delighted to notify you that the directors of the Company have approved the grant of an enterprise management incentives (EMI) option (Option) to you. I enclose a copy of the option agreement which needs to be executed by you and the Company in order for the grant of the Option to take effect. The Option will entitle you to acquire [insert maximum number and class of shares which can be exercised pursuant to the Option agreement] shares in the Company (Shares) at a price of [insert exercise price of shares] per Share [if there is an ‘Exit’ event of the Company (which is broadly a takeover of the Company[, an asset sale or a listing of its shares] [, a share trading event on a Private Intermittent Securities and Capital Exchange System (PISCES)]) AND/OR after the specified time periods contained in the agreement have elapsed].

[Name of creditor’s law firm] [Address line 1] [Address line 2] [Postcode] [Date] [Ref: [insert reference]] Dear [insert name] [Creditor’s name] AND [Debtor’s name] Letter of claim We write in response to your letter of claim dated [insert

[insert date of letter] [insert name of employee] [insert address of employee] Dear [insert name of employee] [insert name of Company] (Company) Option to be granted under the [insert name of unapproved share option scheme] (Scheme) I am delighted to notify you that the directors of the Company have approved the grant of an option to you under the Scheme (Option). I enclose a copy of the rules of the Scheme and the option agreement, which needs to be executed by you and the Company in order for the grant of the Option to take effect. Summary

[insert date of letter] [insert name of employee] [insert address of employee] Dear [insert name of employee] [insert name of Company] (Company) I am delighted to notify you that the directors of the Company have approved the grant to you of an unapproved share option (Option). I enclose a copy of the option agreement which needs to be executed by you and the Company in order for the grant of the Option to take effect. Summary of the Option’s terms The Option will entitle you to purchase [insert maximum number

Family analysis: Ian Karsten QC, retired circuit judge, explains that H v Dent serves as a helpful warning to litigants in person of the costs consequences of misconceived applications and that even litigants in person must fully comply with procedural requirements.

Although the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA 2016) repealed and replaced the majority of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA 2000), it does not alter the rules regulating the use of covert intelligence sources which remain governed by RIPA 2000. The Covert Human Intelligence Sources (CHIS) Code of Practice provides guidance on authorisations for the use or conduct of CHIS sources by public authorities under RIPA 2000, s 29 and on Criminal Conduct Authorisations under RIPA 2000, s 29B in addition to guidance on the handling of any information obtained by authorisation of a CHIS. It should be considered alongside the legislation when considering any authorisation for surveillance. All codes of practice relating to RIPA 2000 are admissible as evidence in criminal and civil proceedings and if any provision appears relevant in proceedings under RIPA 2000, it must be taken into account. Public authorities may be required to justify authorisations with regard to the codes of practice. Before authorising applications for directed or intrusive surveillance, the authorising officer should also take into account

Covert propaganda describes the dissemination of persuasive or political material where the source, sponsor or intent is concealed, misrepresented or not made reasonably clear to the audience. In UK and Irish legal practice the term is generally descriptive rather than a defined term of art, and may arise in media law, election law, broadcasting regulation, national security, and information and communications technology (ICT) regulation.In England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, issues involving covert propaganda are typically addressed through rules on political advertising, Ofcom’s Broadcasting Code, electoral law (including controls on campaign imprints and spending), the Online Safety Act 2023, and offences relating to foreign interference or disinformation. In Ireland, comparable controls arise under electoral legislation, broadcasting regulation and online safety legislation, as well as emerging EU measures on foreign information manipulation and interference.Key legal concerns include transparency of sponsorship, protection of democratic processes, undue influence on voters, misleading communications, and compliance by social media platforms and broadcasters. Practitioners encounter the concept when advising on political campaigning, content moderation, state‑backed information operations, lobbying, and regulatory investigations into undisclosed sponsored or state‑linked content. Usage is broadly consistent across the four jurisdictions.