Conscious parallelism describes a situation where competing businesses intentionally align their market behaviour (for example on pricing, output, or trading terms) by independently copying each other, without any agreement, communication or cartel arrangement. Each undertaking observes rivals’ conduct and chooses to follow it because it is economically rational, not because of a collusive understanding.In UK and Irish competition law, conscious parallelism is recognised in case law and enforcement practice, rather than being expressly defined in legislation. It is closely examined in investigations under the Chapter I prohibition in the Competition Act 1998, Article 101 TFEU (where still relevant in the UK), and section 4 of Ireland’s Competition Act 2002 (as amended).Across England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, the concept is broadly consistent: parallel conduct alone is not sufficient to prove an anti‑competitive agreement. Competition authorities and courts look for “plus factors”, such as evidence of contact or information exchange, to distinguish unlawful collusion from lawful but oligopolistic interdependent behaviour. For practitioners, the notion of conscious parallelism is central when assessing risk in concentrated markets and when challenging or defending alleged price‑fixing or market‑sharing.

Consecrated land: Church of England For the purposes of this section of this Practice Note, ‘consecrated land’ means any land or building which has been the subject of a service (and subsequent sentence) of consecration in accordance with the rites of the Church of England and is outside the area subject to the Welsh Church Acts (being the collective term for the Welsh Church Act 1914, the Welsh Church (Temporalities) Act 1919 and the Welsh Church (Burial Grounds) Act 1945). It does not include land that may have been consecrated in accordance with the rites of any other Church (such as the Roman Catholic Church or the Church in Wales), nor does it include land that has been blessed during the course of a funeral service. In the case of some ancient churches and churchyards, consecration has to be presumed (for want of any formal record), but usually the Diocesan Registrar holds a record of all consecrations (and deconsecrations) within the diocese. Consecration is not confined to churches, churchyards, burial grounds or other land within

The arithmetic mean of all investment analysts’ forecasts published by the offeree or a securities exchange offeror in connection with Rule 28.7. See also Rule 28.8 where the forecast relates to another party to the offer.

MLex: The newly appointed head of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Working Group on Bribery has said she wants to achieve greater consensus among the 46-strong membership of the Paris-based organisation, and to ensure smaller members of the group can still thrive under expected belt-tightening.

TENANT'S RESPONSE TO FORMER LANDLORD'S NOTICE APPLYING FOR RELEASE FROM LANDLORD COVENANTS OF A TENANCY (Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995, section 8) To: [insert name and address of landlord] 1 This notice is given under section 8 of the Landlord and Tenant (Covenants) Act 1995.

Private Client analysis: On 19 March 2026, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Privy Council) delivered its landmark judgment in A and others v C and others [2026] UKPC 11 (also known as Re the X Trusts), an appeal from Bermuda endorsing the 'Wider Role' of a trust protector in the exercise of consent powers. Written by Walkers' Shelley White, Adam Cole, Richard Holden, Hannah Tildesley, Daisy Boulter, Martha Male and Rebecca Moseley.

Consent divorce is a descriptive term for divorce proceedings in which both spouses agree to the marriage ending and to the key terms of separation, such as financial arrangements and, where relevant, child care. It is not a defined statutory term in the UK or Ireland, but is commonly used by family lawyers to distinguish uncontested, collaborative divorces from defended or high‑conflict cases.In England and Wales, and in Northern Ireland, the concept aligns with uncontested or “no‑fault” applications where the respondent does not oppose the divorce and parties reach agreement on financial orders and child arrangements, often recorded in a consent order. In Scotland it broadly corresponds to simplified or undefended divorce actions, particularly where there is a joint minute of agreement. In Ireland it usually refers to judicial separation or divorce where settlement terms are agreed and presented to the court on consent.A consent divorce is practically significant because it usually reduces cost, delay and adversarial litigation, enables greater control over outcomes, and facilitates use of ADR processes such as mediation and collaborative law.

Consent should cover all processing activities carried out for the same purpose or purposes. When the processing has multiple purposes, consent should be given for all of them. Consent is presumed not to be freely given if it does not allow separate consent to be given to different personal data processing operations. This means blanket consent will not be appropriate and you should give data subjects options to consent to different types of processing.

Treatment of a patient by a doctor requires prior consent in order to be lawful. This is so whether the treatment is a simple test or an invasive operation. In practice, issues of consent will only tend to arise following more serious and risky kinds of treatment such as surgery. For further consent issues such as self-determination, valid consent, implied consent, sufficient information in accordance with Montgomery and causation, see Practice Note: Consent in clinical negligence claims—treatment and causation. The emergency treatment defence—unconscious patients What if the patient was unconscious on arrival at the hospital? The general rule is that where treatment is necessary to preserve the patient’s life or health and no more than reasonably required in the patient’s best interests before recovery of consciousness, consent is implied or assumed. In Wilson, the Court of Appeal reasoned that, rather than resorting to the language of implied consent, it was better to say that an emergency operation on an unconscious patient was acceptable in the ordinary conduct of

This Practice Note deals with the principle of self-determination, valid consent, implied consent, sufficient information in accordance with Montgomery, and causation. Treatment of a patient by a doctor requires prior consent in order to be lawful. This is so whether the treatment is a simple test or an invasive operation. In practice, issues of consent will only tend to arise following more serious and risky kinds of treatment such as surgery. Every adult with the necessary mental capacity to make their own treatment decisions has the right to decide whether or not they will accept treatment, even if refusal risks permanent injury or death to them or their unborn child. Nor can that treatment be legitimised by detaining them as a mental patient. For further consent issues such as emergency treatment, withdrawal of consent, capacity, professional guidance, battery and Human Rights Act 1998 claims, see Practice Note: Consent in clinical negligence claims—capacity and other issues. The principle of self-determination The principle of self-determination is fundamental to medical law and clinical

A consent judgment is a court order that records and gives legal effect to terms agreed between parties to resolve a dispute, instead of the court determining the issues after a contested hearing. It is commonly used in civil litigation across England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland, including commercial disputes, debt claims, professional negligence and family financial proceedings (where terminology may vary, e.g. “consent order”). The judgment is binding and enforceable like any other judgment or decree, but its terms are based on the parties’ compromise. It may deal with payment of money, declarations, injunctions, dismissal of proceedings, costs and implementation steps. Courts retain a supervisory role and may refuse to make a consent judgment where terms are unlawful, unclear, or abusive of process. In England and Wales and Northern Ireland, the concept arises mainly from procedural rules and case law rather than a single statutory definition. In Scotland, similar outcomes are achieved through joint minutes, minutes of tender and acceptance, or decrees by consent. In Ireland, consent orders and judgments are routinely made by the courts to embody settlement terms.

[Print on letterhead of adviser or expert] The Directors [Insert name and address of issuer] [Insert date] Dear [insert text] [Insert name of issuer] (the Company): Application for