This Practice Note provides an overview of the use of conformity marking in the UK. It explains the purpose and use of conformity markings, the requirements applicable in Great Britain (GB) and Northern Ireland (NI) regarding the use of UK Conformity Assessed (UKCA) and UK Northern Ireland Conformity Assessed (UKNI) marking, the use of Conformité Européenne (CE) marking in the UK, the roles and responsibilities of manufacturers, importers and distributors, the conformity assessment process, marking and labelling requirements, enforcement, and conformity assessment for overseas markets. The main focus of this Practice Note is on conformity marking requirements for products placed on the GB market. Although NI and EU requirements are discussed, this Practice Note does not go into full detail regarding conformity marking requirements in the EU. For a high-level comparison of the conformity marking requirements applicable under the UK and EU product regimes, see Practice Note: Product regulation—UK/EU comparison. What is conformity marking? Conformity marking is a marking placed on a product which shows that the manufacturer believes that the product complies with the applicable legal requirements

Law360: Artificial intelligence (AI) again jumps to the forefront of our news cycle as a new generation of AI models in ChatGPT-5 is scheduled to roll out soon.

A Roman law doctrine which arises where one party becomes the owner of two different interests in the same property, for example, both the landlord's and the tenant's interests in the property, or those of both creditor and debtor. In certain circumstances, the doctrine of confusion may operate to merge the two interests.

The European Conference of Posts and Telecommunications, the original body concerned with pan-European topics for Posts and Telecommunication services.

In relation to the offeror or offeree, an organisation advising that party in relation to the offer and its corporate brokers (unless a broker is unable to act in connection with the offer because of a conflict of interest). In relation to a person who is acting in concert with the offeror or offeree, an organisation advising that person in relation either to the offer or to the matter which is the reason for that person being a member of the relevant concert party. The concept is relevant mainly in the context of acting in concert—a connected adviser is deemed to be acting in concert with its client and, if its client is acting in concert with an offeror or the offeree, with that offeror or that offeree.

For the purposes of Rule 7.2 (Dealings by connected fund managers and principal traders), a fund manager or principal trader which controls, is controlled by or is under the same control as: (1) the offeror or offeree, or any of its concert parties, or (2) any connected adviser of a person covered in (1) will normally be connected with the offeror or offeree respectively.

Connected parties are certain relatives, trustees, partners and companies.

Under the disclosure rules in the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 s 96A(1)(a) et seq (repealed), certain persons connected with a person discharging managerial responsibilities within an issuer had to comply with informational requirements relating to inside information.

Persons connected with a director of a company as defined in CA 2006, ss 252–255, including members of the director's family, a body corporate with which the director is connected, a person acting in their capacity as trustee of a trust (the beneficiaries of which include the director or persons connected with that director), or a person acting in their capacity as partner of the director (or of a person connected with that director). The relevance of connected persons is emphasised in relation to transactions requiring shareholder approval under CA 2006, Pt 10. In relation to listed companies, Chapter 11 of the Listing Rules regulates the conduct of related party transactions between a listed company and its related parties, the definition of which includes any 'associate’ of that party. The definition of associate can be found in the Glossary to the FCA Handbook and has similarities to the definition of connected persons under the CA 2006.

Arbitration analysis: Iftikar Ahmed (‘Ahmed’) was an employee of Oak Management Corporation (‘Oak’). Oak dismissed Ahmed from his employment after he was indicted for insider trading. Subsequently, Oak commenced an arbitration against Ahmed for breach of his employment contract. Ahmed fled from the US to India and used his absence as a pretext to argue that he was impeded from participating in the arbitration. The arbitration proceeded nonetheless and the sole arbitrator eventually decided to dismiss Ahmed’s counterclaims and strike his defenses by applying the equitable ‘fugitive disentitlement doctrine’. After a damages hearing that Ahmed did not attend, an arbitral award for c.$57m was issued in Oak’s favor. The Connecticut trial court dismissed Ahmed’s motion to have the award vacated and he appealed. The Connecticut Supreme Court dismissed this appeal holding that the arbitrator was entitled to apply the ‘fugitive disentitlement doctrine’ and declining to find any lack of due process. Written by Alex Wilbraham, Solicitor England & Wales, admitted as a special legal consultant in the District of Columbia, independent arbitrator and member of Arbitra International.

STOP PRESS: A revised version of the National Planning Policy Framework was published on 17 August 2026. This content is being reviewed in light of the revised version. Introduction Generally speaking, a ‘drain’ serves a single property and a ‘sewer’ serves more than one property. There are two systems of drainage in relation to development: • foul water, drainage to carry used foul water from properties. The above-ground pipework is referred to as sanitary pipework; the underground pipes are referred to as foul drains and foul sewers • surface water drainage carries rainwater from hard surfaces. The underground pipes are referred to as surface water drains and surface water sewers Public sewers are owned by a sewerage undertaker. Private sewers, which are increasingly uncommon due to legislative interventions, are owned by the properties they serve. Building work on and around a sewer needs permission of the sewer owner. Construction over or within 3 metres of a public sewer will require the written consent of the relevant sewerage

Date of Agreement _____________________________________20[XX] Parties 1 [name of company], a company incorporated in [insert jurisdiction] (registered number [insert co. number]) whose registered office is at [insert address] (Company); and 2 [name of company], a company incorporated in [insert jurisdiction] (registered number [insert co. number]) whose registered office is at [insert address] (Customer). Background (A) The Customer is the owner and operator of the Customer’s Installation. (B) The Company is the owner and operator of the Distribution System. (C) The Customer wishes to export electricity generated by the Customer’s Installation to the Company’s Distribution System. (D) [The Parties wish to enter into a contract on or about the date of this Agreement, under which the electricity generated by the Customer’s Installation shall be supplied to the Company by the Customer (‘Power Supply Agreement’). (E) In consideration of the Parties entering into the Power Supply Agreement, the Company shall allow the electricity generated by the Customer’s Installation to be exported to the Distribution System in accordance with the terms of this Agreement.] It is agreed as follows: 1 Definitions & interpretation 1.1 Except where the context otherwise requires, the following expressions shall have the meaning set out opposite them (and