Supply side platforms Supply side platforms (SSPs) are pieces of software used to sell automated advertising. SSP is most often used by online publishers to enable them to sell display, video and mobile ads. SSPs maximise the prices their impressions (the point in which an ad is viewed once by a visitor, or displayed once on a web page) sell at

Since the beginning of 2025 tariffs have become part of everyone’s vocabulary, yet confusion remains as to what is a tariff, customs duties, customs charges, import taxes and export duties, to name but a few. This Q&A addresses the differenced between all these ‘charges’. For more detailed guidance on tariffs, see Practice Note: An introduction to Trade in Goods. What is an import tariff? An import tariff, often referred to as a customs duty, is a financial charge, or tax, imposed on a good at the time of importation. It may also be imposed because of its importation. This is typically the case when the tariff is not levied or collected on importation but at another date. As an example, a good imported into a bonded warehouse will be exempt from the tariff on importation but will be liable for payment once the good is cleared from the bonded warehouse. The tariff is the market access condition for the importation of the good. Tariffs

In respect of commercial contracts, under English law there is no significant difference between the terms ‘termination’ and ‘determination’. A contract can be terminated or determined where a party to a contract conducts itself in such a manner that its conduct is viewed in law as being so wrongful that the other party to the contract is entitled to terminate the contractual relationship. This can occur in two ways: either by a common law determination, where the guilty party must have committed a fundamental, or repudiatory, breach and the innocent party must have, by word or action, elected to accept the repudiation, or a contractual determination where a party may lawfully determine the contract by exercising powers to the effect expressly provided for in a contractual termination clause. The term ‘termination’ or ‘determination’ in relation to a commercial construction contract connotes the ending of the contractor’s employment under the contract. The central point to note is that although the employment of the contractor

What is the Liquidity Coverage Ratio? The Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) requirement for UK banks, building societies and systemically-important investment firms is set out in the Liquidity (CRR),Liquidity Coverage Ratio (CRR) and Liquidity Coverage Requirement - UK Designated Investment Firms Parts of the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) Rulebook. The LCR is designed to ensure that firms maintain an adequate level of high-quality liquid assets (HQLA)—ie assets that can be easily and immediately converted into cash with little or no loss of value—to meet their net liquidity outflows over a 30-day stress period. The LCR must be at least 100%, meaning the value of a firm’s stock of HQLA must be equal to or greater than its total net cash outflows over the 30-day stress period. Detailed rules for valuing liquid assets and calculating net cash outflows are set out in the Liquidity (CRR) Part of

The ‘dutyholder’ is the generic term often used to describe the persons responsible for carrying out a specific duty at a particular phase in the lifecycle of a higher-risk building (HRB) under the Building Safety Act 2022 (BSA 2022) and its related, subordinate legislation. In the context of BSA 2022, Pt 4, which contains the provisions relating to the management of building safety risks in occupied residential HRBs in England, the term ‘dutyholder’ will generally refer to the accountable person, the principal accountable person or the responsible person (see below). The ‘Accountable Person’ (AP) is either the person who, under a lease or by virtue of legislation, is obligated to repair or maintain the common parts of a HRB or, where there is no-one under such an obligation, the person who owns the common parts (subject to further conditions and criteria) (BSA 2022, s 72). The AP can be an individual, a partnership,

We refer you to the associated drafting note of the Precedent: Indexed rent review—annual basis with optional cap and collar. As per the drafting note: ‘Clause 2.2 is a cap on the amount of the reviewed Rent. This provides that the Rent cannot exceed the Maximum Rent.’ This provision ensures that

A wayleave agreement is a type of contractual licence granted by a land owner to a telecommunications or utility company permitting that company to install and use cables or apparatus on

We have assumed that the query relates to a commercial contract between two business entities. 'Wilful misconduct', 'deliberate default' and similar are terms commonly used in exclusion and limitation of liability clauses in commercial agreements. However, the precise meanings of the terms are not always clear—generally, it will come down to a question of interpretation. Wilful misconduct In De Beers UK Ltd (formerly: Diamond Trading Co Ltd) v Atos Origin IT Services UK Ltd, the court (making reference to Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Company Limited) held that the term 'wilful misconduct' refers to: 'Conduct by a person who knows that he is committing, and intends to commit a breach of duty, or is reckless in the

Under the Product Security and Telecommunications Infrastructure Act 2022 (PSTIA 2022), UK consumer connectable products are a subset of relevant connectable products. In order to be a UK consumer connectable product, the product must be a relevant connectable product and satisfy one of the conditions A or B under PSTIA 2022, s 54 (Meaning of ‘UK consumer connectable product’) which means a relevant connectable product that is or has been made available to consumers in the UK or a relevant connectable product that is or has been made available to businesses in the UK which is identical to a relevant connectable product that is or has been made available to consumers in the UK. The explanatory notes to PSTIA 2022 explain that this ensures that all products that may reasonably be expected to be used by consumers are subject to the same security requirements,

A memorandum of understanding is a statement of intent between two or more public bodies to work together which outlines broad objectives and principles that the bodies will seek to apply. In effect, they establish a framework for co-operation, while also recognising the need for locally tailored solutions. They are often worded very generally and they are not intended to give rise to any rights or liabilities for any party. For example, they are sometimes used by district and county councils to establish the aim of ensuring that staff should be appropriately

There are numerous different words and phrases employed in leases. English property law has developed over hundreds of years, and the terminology can in places be unclear. A good example is the use of the words ‘sublet’ and ‘underlet’. A lease is a grant of a term out of an estate in land. That estate may be in fee simple (a freehold) or it may be from a lease that has been granted out of a fee simple, a headlease, or a sublease or underlease. A lease may contain a provision that allows (or prevents) a tenant (being a person who has entered into a lease with a landlord (who may be a freeholder or a superior leaseholder

In Re Grosvenor Property Developers Ltd (in liquidation), the court considered the distinction between a shadow director and a de facto director, noting that a shadow director is someone in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a company are accustomed to act, while a de facto director