The analysis of historical price movements and trends to predict future price action.

This Practice Note provides practical guidance on technical barriers to trade (TBT) under the Australia United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement (Aus-UK FTA). Introduction As a free trade agreement, Aus-UK FTA not only regulates tariffs on goods traded between these two parties, but it also addresses other aspects that are required to trade in goods or that may be regarded as non-tariff barriers to trade. This includes: • rules of origin. For guidance on rules of origin under the Aus-UK FTA, see Practice Note: Rules of origin of the Aus-UK FTA. For guidance on claiming origin under the Aus-UK FTA, see Practice Note: How to claim preference under the Aus-UK FTA • customs procedure and trade facilitation • technical barriers to trade, and • trade remedies Chapter 7 of the Aus-UK FTA deals with TBT. The objective of chapter 7 is to facilitate trade by: • eliminating unnecessary technical barriers to trade • enhancing transparency, and • promoting greater regulatory cooperation and good regulatory practice Scope of TBT under the Aus-UK

This Practice Note provides an overview of the technical barriers to trade under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement. As such, it provides an overview of the disciplines on technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures that the EU and UK must adhere to. Introduction As a free trade agreement, UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) not only regulates tariffs on goods traded between these two customs territories, but it also addresses other aspects that are required to trade in goods or that may be regarded as non-tariff barriers to trade. This includes: • rules of origin • sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and • technical barriers to trade (TBT) Chapter 4 of the TCA deals with TBT. It incorporates many of the substantive provisions of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and as such builds on this treaty. In fact, it incorporates Articles 2 to 9 as well as Annexes 1 and 3 of the WTO’s Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. It

This Practice Note provides practical guidance on technical barriers to trade (TBT) under the UK India Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (UK-India CETA). Introduction As a free trade agreement, UK-India CETA not only regulates tariffs on goods traded between these two parties, but it also addresses other aspects that are required to trade in goods or that may be regarded as non-tariff barriers to trade. This includes: • rules of origin • customs procedure and trade facilitation • sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and • trade remedies Chapter 7 of the UK-India CETA deals with TBT. The objective of chapter 7 is to facilitate trade including by: • eliminating unnecessary technical barriers to trade • enhancing transparency • facilitating information exchange, and • promoting cooperation Scope of TBT under the UK-India CETA TBT under the UK-India CETA applies to the preparation, adoption and application of all: • technical regulations • standards, and • conformity assessment procedures of the central government that may affect trade in goods between the parties. For detailed guidance

This Practice Note provides practical guidance on technical barriers to trade (TBT) under the UK-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (UK-Japan CEPA). Introduction As a free trade agreement, UK-Japan CEPA not only regulates tariffs on goods traded between these two parties, but it also addresses other aspects that are required to trade in goods or that may be regarded as non-tariff barriers to trade. This includes: • rules of origin • customs procedure and trade facilitation • sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and • trade remedies Chapter 7 of the UK-Japan CEPA deals with TBT. The objective of Chapter 7 is to facilitate trade including by: • ensuring that technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures do not create unnecessary barriers to trade • enhancing joint cooperation between the UK and Japan, including on implementation of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Agreement, and • pursuing appropriate ways to reduce unnecessary negative effects on trade by measures falling in the scope of Chapter 7 of the UK-Japan CEPA For

Introduction THE CPTPP is a free trade agreement made up for 11 countries, being Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore and Vietnam. It follows on from the original Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TTP) to which the United States was also a negotiating partner. In fact, the CPTPP incorporates all of the provisions of the TPP save for the provisions relating to accession, entry into force, withdrawal and what constitutes the authentic texts of the TPP. Several other countries have applied to join the CPTPP which includes China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Taiwan and Uruguay. The UK also applied to join the CPTPP on 1 February 2021. On 31 March 2023, the UK government announced that it had substantially concluded negotiations on acceding to the CPTPP. On 15 July 2023 the UK acceded to the CPTPP at a meeting of CPTPP trade ministers. The trade deal that the UK struck is set out in the Protocol of Accession, which is published, along with market access schedules on the signature date of the

HMRC has launched a technical consultation seeking views on draft regulations that would allow documents to be served at a company’s registered address and the address provided on the Stamp Duty Land Tax (SDLT) return. The consultation runs until 22 July 2022.

Property Dispute analysis: In Hamer v Levy, the Court of Appeal held that defects in tenancy deposit prescribed information will not necessarily invalidate a section 21 notice where the information provided is substantially to the same effect as that required by statute. Applying a purposive approach, the court confirmed that compliance with the tenancy deposit regime should be assessed objectively and by reference to its statutory purpose, rather than through strict adherence to form. Although procedural errors occurred in the handling of the tenant’s appeal, they did not affect the outcome because the substantive defence lacked merit. The decision provides important guidance on technical challenges to section 21 notices and appellate procedure under CPR Part 52. Produced in partnership with Suffian Ali Hussain, barrister of 1EC Barristers.

The end of a partnership caused by a change in the composition of the partnership followed by the immediate formation a new partnership operating the same business.

Ireland—Dispute Resolution analysis: This article was written by A&L Goodbody’s Disputes & Investigations Team. It examines a recent High Court decision on challenges to the adequacy of discovery. It considers the court's rejection of a discovery challenge based primarily on technical objections, the requirement for parties to identify specific deficiencies and produce evidence of undiscovered documents where available, and the practical implications for applications seeking further and better discovery in Irish litigation.

Under the scheme funding provisions of the Pensions Act 2004, it is the amount required, on an actuarial calculation, to meet a scheme's liabilities.

Dragged down by technical and logistical snafus with its aircraft, Silver Airways spiralled into insolvency and filed for Chapter 11 protection in the final days of 2024 in hopes of closing a going-concern sale, but without any illusions of clearing the $457m in debt on its balance sheet.