A specific denial is a pleading in which a party expressly disputes an identified allegation of fact in the opponent’s statement of case (e.g., particulars of claim or statement of claim), giving reasons and, where appropriate, putting forward an alternative version of events. It contrasts with a general denial or non-admission. Its function is to give fair notice and to prevent allegations being treated as admitted.In England & Wales, CPR 16.5 requires defendants to state which allegations are denied and to explain why; any allegation not dealt with is treated as admitted, save as to the amount of damages. In Northern Ireland and Ireland, the Rules of the Superior Courts (NI: Order 18; Ireland: Order 19) require specific traverses of pleadings; general denials are insufficient and untraversed facts are taken to be admitted, except quantum. In Scotland, answers must address averments specifically; bare or blanket denials risk being disregarded as lacking fair notice, with unchallenged averments treated as admitted.Practically, specific denials are used in defences, replies and answers across civil procedure to define the issues for trial, avoid implied admissions, and support a positive case. Inadequate or evasive denials can attract strike-out, summary judgment, or adverse costs.