The Commission uses a roadmap to define the scope of a major new law or policy, an evaluation of an existing law or policy or, a fitness check of a bundle of related existing laws and/or policies. Roadmaps describe the problem to be tackled and objectives to be met, explain why EU action is needed, outline policy options and describe the main features of the consultation strategy. Sometimes the potential impact of a law or policy on the economy, environment or society is so great that an impact assessment is required. In that case, the roadmap is replaced by an inception impact assessment, which goes into greater details. See also ‘Impact assessment’.

Restructuring and Insolvency analysis: Dr Stefan Sax, partner, and Marie Berkner, associate, at Clifford Chance Deutschland, discuss Brexit recognition and the enforcement of the Part 26 Scheme of Arrangement and Part 26A Restructuring Plan in Germany post-IP completion day.

Part of the marketing process of an IPO or secondary offer, an investor roadshow is a series of meetings between the senior management of an issuer and potential investors and normally lasts one or two weeks. An investor presentation will have been prepared to be used in the roadshow which will provide information on the company, its business, key management, strategic direction etc designed to ‘sell’ the company.

Robbery Robbery is a theft offence under section 8 of the Theft Act 1968 (TA 1968), involving dishonesty but elevated also by the use of, or threat of, force. Robbery can only be tried in the Crown Court on indictment. Elements of the offence of robbery A person is guilty of robbery if: • they steal something, and • immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, they: ◦ use force on any person, or ◦ put any person in fear of being subjected to force then and there Force, or the threat of force, must be used 'immediately before or at the time' of the theft. There is no guidance as to what 'immediately before' means. If the force used or threatened is after the offence of theft has taken place there will be no robbery, however theft can be a continuing offence. See: R v Hale (1978) 68 Cr App Rep 415, [1979] Crim LR 596 (not reported by LexisNexis®). The use or threat of

Robbery is theft achieved through violence or fear of violence, which immediately precedes or accompanies the act of theft.

Sir Oliver Robbins, former Head of the Diplomatic Service, has commenced judicial review proceedings, the FDA union has announced, to challenge his dismissal following disclosures about the appointment of Lord Mandelson as ambassador to the US. Robbins argues that his dismissal was unlawful relying on all three traditional grounds of judicial review: illegality, unreasonableness and procedural unfairness.

Roberta Metsola, the outgoing European Parliament President, has won her re-election bid in the first round of voting and thus been re-elected as President of the European Parliament. She received a majority of 562 votes cast out of 699 by secret paper ballot, among two other candidates. She will continue to lead the institution for the first two and a half years of the 10th legislative term. The European Parliament was officially constituted on 16 July 2024 in Strasbourg, France, following the European elections on 6–9 June 2024.

TMT analysis: The law surrounding robotic surgery is complex, as Dr Jock Mackenzie, partner and solicitor-advocate at Anthony Gold, explains. He says the evolution of robotic surgery and, importantly, the increased autonomy of robots in surgery, is a significant challenge to the traditional concepts of legal liability in medicine. Two key legal issues are the potential technical negligence of the user of robotic instruments and product liability.

A term derived from EIA case law which seeks to balance the need for flexibility for a development not fully defined with the ability to assess the likely significant effects of such a scheme upon the environment, and any necessary mitigation, and to set these out in an Environmental Statement. A consent must create "clearly defined parameters" within which the framework of development must take place.

Rochford District Council has announced that it will support, as an interested party, Essex County Council's judicial review challenge against the Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government's decision of 25 March 2026 on the preferred model for local government reorganisation in Greater Essex, while continuing preparatory work for the proposed reorganisation pending the outcome of the proceedings. The council has also appointed Councillor Adi Malviya and Councillor Danielle Belton to represent it on a Joint Committee with Essex County Council, Southend-on-Sea City Council and Castle Point Borough Council to support collaboration and transition arrangements until the Shadow Authority is elected in May 2027.

A unit of radiation exposure that is equal to the quantity of ionizing radiation that will produce one electrostatic unit of electricity in one cubic centimetre of dry air at 0°C and standard atmospheric pressure. No longer widely used.

Rogatory letters (letters rogatory; often called a letter of request in UK practice) are a court‑to‑court request for judicial assistance in another country, typically to take evidence, serve proceedings, or carry out a step for use in litigation.The term is descriptive rather than defined, with operation governed by treaties and domestic statutes. In England & Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, civil evidence requests to and from abroad are dealt with under the Hague Evidence Convention 1970 and the Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act 1975; outgoing requests are made under CPR 34 and equivalent Scottish/NI rules. The courts will not order wide, discovery‑style fishing expeditions: see the State of Norway applications. Execution is according to the requested state’s law, subject to privilege and public policy, and may require translations, specific questions and payment of expenses.In criminal matters, assistance is channelled through mutual legal assistance (UK: Crime (International Co‑operation) Act 2003; Ireland: Criminal Justice (Mutual Assistance) Act 2008), though the terminology persists.Ireland follows the Hague Evidence Convention and, intra‑EU, the EU Evidence Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2020/1783). For service abroad, the UK and Ireland use the Hague Service Convention; rogatory letters are used where no treaty route exists.