On an uncontested application for a matrimonial order, the applicant may apply for their costs. Respondents may not wish to challenge the application per se but may choose to resist a costs application. Such a position does not require a formal answer; noting the respondent's position on the acknowledgement of service suffices (Family Procedure Rules 2010 (FPR 2010), SI 2010/2955, 7.12(9)). In an undefended divorce case, if satisfied that the applicant is entitled to a decree nisi of divorce, the court must issue a certificate under FPR 2010, SI 2010/2955, 7.20(2)(a) to verify that fact and must direct the application to be listed before a judge in open court at a block hearing on the next available date. The court may also, if so satisfied, certify that the applicant is entitled to

STOP PRESS: From 6 April 2017, the Insolvency Rules 1986, SI 1986/1925 were revoked and replaced by the Insolvency (England and Wales) Rules 2016 (IR 2016), SI 2016/1024. The content in this Q&A may have been affected by this change. What is the general position on jurisdiction? The basic rule on where to present the bankruptcy petition is that it should be presented at the county court in the district where the debtor has, for the greater part of the preceding six months immediately before the bankruptcy petition was presented, resided or carried on business (Insolvency Rules 1986,  r 6.9A(2)) (SI 1986/1925,. This provision applies for petitions presented by both creditors and the debtor. The only exception to this rule is if the debtor has, for the greater part of the preceding six months immediately before the bankruptcy petition was presented, resided or carried on business in central London. For analysis on this, see What if the debtor is based in central London? section in this Q&A. To

CASE HUB See further,timeline , commentary and related cases. Case facts Outline CMA Article 101 TFEU/Chapter I CA98 investigation into a revenue-sharing agreement, known as the Atlantic Joint Business Agreement, between International Airlines Group (Aer Lingus Limited, British Airways plc, and Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España S.A), American Airlines, and Finnair OYJ covering air transport services between Europe and North America (Case 50616). Latest developments On 6 August 2025, the CMA announced its decision to accept modified commitments from the parties to address its competition concerns (see further details below). Parties • International Airlines Group (IAG) (Aer Lingus Limited (EI), British Airways plc (BA) and Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España S.A (IB)): IAG was formed in 2010 by the merger of BA and IB. IAG is the parent company of several airlines: BA, IB, EI, Open Skies SAS (operating as LEVEL) and Vueling Airlines SA. It is one of the world’s largest airline groups with 573 aircraft flying to 268 destinations and carrying around 113 million passengers

The atom is the smallest particle of an element. It consists of a central core, or nucleus, that is made up of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are themselves made up of sub-atomic particles (Quarks in particular). Electrons revolve in orbits around the nucleus.

This term refers to the energy that is released in nuclear reactions. There are two chief ways this can occur. The first is nuclear fission, whereby a neutron will initiate the breaking up of an atom's nucleus into smaller pieces. The second is nuclear fusion, whereby two nuclei are joined together under intense heat. It is more correctly called nuclear energy.

The mass of an isotope of an element expressed in atomic mass units, which are defined as one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. The symbol for an atomic number is “Z” from the German word “zahl” meaning number.

A form of diligence over corporeal moveable property for recovery of money owed.

This Practice Note considers the position regarding the diligence of attachment in Scotland. For guidance on: • other forms of diligence in Scottish civil procedure, see Practice Note: Enforcement in Scottish civil litigation which, in turn, links through to detailed guidance on a number of forms of diligence available in Scotland • the equivalent in England and Wales, see: Introduction to enforcement—overview which, as well as giving an overview of this topic, links through to more detailed guidance on various aspects of domestic enforcement in England and Wales • cross-border enforcement, see Practice Note: Cross-border enforcement—a guide for dispute resolution practitioners which, as well as giving an overview of this topic, links through to more detailed guidance on various aspects of cross-border enforcement This Practice Note does not cover land attachment or residual attachment, for which see Practice Note: Adjudication for debt in Scottish civil litigation—anticipated future developments. In 2020, the Scottish Government began a policy review of diligence measures in Scotland and passed the Bankruptcy and Diligence (Scotland)

An order made by a Court that allows a creditor to secure the payment of a debt by payments from the debtor's earnings, normally through the debtor's employer.

An order whereby a judgment debt is enforced by deducting an amount from the salary of an employed judgment debtor.

An attachment of earnings order (AEO) is a means of enforcing maintenance obligations under a court order made in the Family Court or the High Court, whether or not arrears have accrued, by the deduction of money directly from the debtor’s earnings. The AEO is directed to the debtor’s employer rather than to the debtor. Where an order is made, the employer must pay specified sums from the debtor’s earnings to the court collecting officer, who forwards them to the creditor. The Family Procedure (Amendment) Rules 2016, SI 2016/355 made amendments to the Family Procedure Rules 2010, SI 2010/2955 (FPR 2010), that, inter alia, introduced a new Part 39 that applies to an application for an attachment of earnings order to secure payments under a maintenance order. The changes came into effect on 6 April 2016. FPR 2010, SI 2010/2955, Pt 39 applies to any proceedings commenced, but not disposed of, before 6 April 2016, as it would apply to proceedings commenced on or after that date. There are transitional provisions that provide that the court may