The process in which SMP (significant market power) communications providers lease, wholly or in part, the local segment of their access or distribution copper or fibre network to competitors. With full unbundling the alternative communications providers take total control of the local loop and can provide subscribers with all services or technologies. Full physical unbundling grants access to the end-consumer access line and allows the competitor's own transmission systems to directly transmit over it.

This is a point or multipoint service with two-way capability to transmit voice, data, and other video information. LMDS can offer innovative consumer services such as two-way interactive video, advanced teleconferencing, telemedicine, telecommuting, and high-speed data services.

Local novelty, in patent law, means that an invention is new if it has not been used or published in the particular jurisdiction.

Local authorities are not immune from having to obtain planning permission to develop land. The grant of planning permission by any local authority to itself has always been an area of criticism, particularly as the grant of planning permission to develop land can have a significant effect on its value. Traditionally, development carried out by local authorities was primarily to further their functions, for example education or transport. It is now more frequent for local authorities to be involved in commercial development. Where the planning authority is both the landowner and/or intending to carry out development within its area, a separate planning regime comes into play. Relevant statutory provisions Section 316 of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 (TCPA 1990) makes provision in relation to land of ‘interested planning authorities’ and development of that land by them. TCPA 1990, s 316(6) defines an ‘interested planning authority’ in relation to land as: ‘…any body which exercises any of the functions of a local planning authority in relation to that land; and for the purposes

The rate for calls within the local area, the area being defined by the communications provider serving the customer.

A non-statutory body that brings together the different parts of the public, private, voluntary and community sectors, to work at a local level. The lead role in the LSP is taken by the local council, while other major players could include the local police and the PCT. Its main tasks are to oversee the preparation and delivery of the area's Sustainable Community Strategy and local area agreement.

This Practice Note explains how to locate current Home Office guidance relating to immigration and nationality law matters; and how to use the guidance archive in LexisNexis® Immigration, the GOV.UK website and the National Archives for conducting research relating to superseded immigration law and policy. Locating Home Office guidance There are various types of Home Office immigration and nationality guidance published on GOV.UK, and these are split between guidance documents for: • applicants • sponsor businesses and education institutions, and • Home Office decision-makers/other relevant staff members It can be necessary to locate previous versions of Home Office guidance in order to: • check the guidance in force as at the date of a sponsor/applicant act or omission, and • pinpoint changes in guidance wording Applicant guidance Prior to the introduction of the post-Brexit immigration system, the main form of detailed guidance for applicants in many categories of entry and stay was a PDF policy guidance document. However, since 1 December 2020 the Home Office has switched to primarily providing detailed applicant

The parties agree: From: [insert name of producer] To: [insert name of premises owner] Dated: [insert date] Dear [insert premises owner’s name] [insert title of film] (Film) This letter confirms the agreement between us pursuant to which you have agreed to make available to us the following premises (‘Premises’, which expression shall include all chattels, fixtures, fittings and appurtenances of whatever nature in upon or around the premises): [specify premises, including details of any inventory or special requirements] 1 The Premises shall be made available to us on a sole and exclusive basis for the purpose of filming exterior and/or interior scenes in connection with the Film on the following dates: [specify dates] 2 You agree to make available to us the facilities listed in the Schedule (Facilities schedule) at the Premises on the dates referred to in paragraph 1 in accordance with our reasonable requirements and directions. 3 In consideration of your undertakings in this Agreement and the rights granted by you to us we undertake to pay to you the sum of £[insert amount] on [insert date]. 4 We have explained

An agreement that makes available premises, including any chattels, fixtures, fittings and appurtenances on and around the premises, on an exclusive basis for the purpose of filming.

The requirement to maintain company records The Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) sets out certain requirements relating to company records to be maintained by a company. Company records are defined in CA 2006, s 1134 as any register, index, accounting records, agreement, memorandum, minutes or other document required by the Companies Acts to be kept by a company, and any register kept by a company of its debenture holders. In accordance with CA 2006, s 1135 company records may be kept in hard copy or electronic form, and may be arranged in such manner as the directors of the company think fit, provided the information in question is adequately recorded for future reference. Where the records are kept in electronic form, they must be capable of being reproduced in hard copy form. CA 2006, s 1136 allows the Secretary of State to make regulations specifying an alternative location (ie other than the company's registered office) where a company may keep records which are available for inspection.

Local Government analysis: The Upper Tribunal (UT) clarified when special educational provision may be made outside school under section 61 of the Children and Families Act 2014 (CFA 2014). The First-tier Tribunal (FTT) had erred in finding that CFA 2014, s 61 was not engaged despite concluding that home-based applied behavioural analysis was required during the transition to school. The UT also confirmed that section F of an education, health and care plan may exceptionally specify the location of provision where that location is inherent or integral to its educational or training quality. Local authorities and practitioners should ensure that sections F and I are consistent and that, where no particular school is requested, the statutory presumption in favour of mainstream education is properly addressed. Produced in partnership with David Illingworth of Exchange Chambers.

Services that use information on the location of a mobile device and user, and can exploit a number of technologies for the geographic location of a user. Some of these technologies are embedded in the networks and others in the handsets themselves. Location capability is already available to some level of accuracy (approximately 150 m) for most users of cellular networks. Increased accuracy can become available through location technologies such as Global positioning system (GPS).