ARCHIVED: This Practice Note has been archived and is not maintained. Title Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) Parties 192 See: Ratification status for details Location Kyoto, Japan Adopted COP3 on 11 December 1997 Came into force 16 February 2005 Subject Climate change The Kyoto Protocol Between 2008 and 2020, the Kyoto Protocol committed developed economies in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Annex I Parties) to detailed reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Emission reductions applied to the following GHGs: • carbon dioxide (CO2) • methane • nitrous oxide • hydrofluorocarbons • perfluorocarbons • sulphur hexafluoride The UNFCCC aims to stabilise GHG emissions at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. UNFCCC signatories agree to principles that limit GHG emissions. The Kyoto Protocol implemented those principles. The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the decision-making body of the UNFCCC and meets annually to assess and promote

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note has been archived and is not maintained. The Kyoto Protocol committed developed economies set out in Annex I to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Annex I Parties) to detailed reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over two commitment periods. The first commitment period ran from 2008 to 2012, and required Annex I Parties to reduce overall emissions of GHG by at least 5% below 1990 levels. The second commitment period ran from 2013 to 2020 and required emissions to be reduced by at least 18% below 1990 levels, though post-2012, these commitments were not binding. There are three flexible market-based mechanisms for achieving emissions reductions: • emissions trading (ET) allows Annex 1 Parties which have their reduction targets set out in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol to participate in ET to fulfil their reduction commitments • joint implementation (JI) allows Annex I Parties to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission reduction project in another Annex I country through a JI project • clean development mechanism

A conversation with Elvira Maratova, partner and head of Kyrgyzstan practice, Tamirlan Muktarov, Counsel, and Shamurzaev Aibek, Associate at regional law firm GRATA International Law Firm, on key issues on merger control in Kyrgyzstan. NOTE—to see whether notification thresholds in Kyrgyzstan and throughout the world are met, see Where to Notify. 1. Have there been any recent developments regarding the merger control regime in Kyrgyzstan and are any updates or developments expected in the coming year? Are there any other ‘hot’ merger control issues in Kyrgyzstan? The most significant recent development is the adoption of the new Law of the Kyrgyz Republic No. 72 dated 21 May 2026 On Competition (New Competition Law), which substantially revises the Kyrgyz merger control regime. The New Competition Law was officially published on 29 May 2026 and entered into force three months after publication (on 30 August 2026). It repealed the previous Law ‘On Competition’ of 22 July 2011 and introduced a new framework for state control over economic concentration. Under Article 21 of the New Competition Law, state

Arbitration analysis: A dispute between the government of Turkmenistan and a Turkish construction company simultaneously tested, among other things, a bilateral investment treaty (BIT), most favoured nation (MFN) clauses and—in particular—the requirement to pursue local litigation before initiating international arbitration proceedings. Simel Sarialioglu, from Istanbul’s YukselKarkinKucuk Attorney Partnership, gives an outline of the case and offers a cautionary tale that arbitration should never be pursued lightly.

Costs associated with Source of cost £ Internal courses delivered by employees Trainers’ time for course preparation Cost of trainers’ time for delivering the course Cost of trainers’ time for course

1 L&D events/courses delivered this month L&D event/course title Trainer Number of delegates Average

1 General information Date of review [Insert date] Person(s) conducting review [Insert name(s)] 2 Review and findings Is your L&D policy up to date and fit for purpose? ☐ Yes☐ No—please describe any changes needed and ensure you set an action point at section 3 below to update your policy accordingly Have there been any changes in the regulatory requirements affecting the firm and/or any staff? ☐ Yes—please describe any changes needed and ensure you set an action point at section 3 below to (i) update your policy accordingly and (ii) communicate these changes to your managers and affected staff☐ No Is your

1 Purpose and scope 1.1 This document provides guidelines and procedures for managers and employees relating to learning and development (L&D) opportunities provided by the firm. It is designed to: 1.1.1 support us as we work to achieve our business goals; 1.1.2 ensure our continued compliance with the standards and requirements of the SRA, including the SRA’s continuing competence regime; and 1.1.3 help us to meet the requirements of [insert details of any industry standard, practice management standard or accreditation the firm has achieved or has to follow, eg the Law Society’s Lexcel practice management standard, the Law Society’s Conveyancing Quality Scheme (CQS), the Law Society’s Conveyancing Protocol or the Law Society’s Wills and Inheritance Quality Scheme (WIQS)]. 1.2 This policy document covers all the L&D opportunities supported by the firm. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of everyone for L&D and represents the firm’s continued commitment to supporting employees as they develop to achieve their full potential. 2 Responsibilities and resources 2.1 The firm must ensure all managers and employees are competent to carry out their role and keep their professional knowledge and skills, as well as understanding of their legal, ethical and regulatory

Your opinions are very important to us in order to help us improve our learning and development (L&D) provision. Please complete and return this form. Question Score Feedback How would you rate our current learning provisions? ☐ Very good☐ Good☐ Average☐

The Legal Aid Agency (LAA) has announced a series of market engagement events concerning the provision of inquest legal aid under the Public Office (Accountability) Bill proposals. The LAA is inviting views from organisations currently providing or interested in providing advice and representation under the proposed legislation, which seeks to ensure that bereaved families have access to non-means-tested support during inquests. The engagement aims to gather feedback to inform future service design and assess providers' capacity, capability and interest in delivering services under the proposed legislation. Two sessions are scheduled for 13 November 2025 and 17 November 2025. The LAA stated that it aims to ensure appropriate services are in place as soon as required once the Bill becomes law.

The Legal Aid Agency (LAA) has published an updated version of the Civil Legal Aid Eligibility Keycard, reflecting a 1.7% increase in the deductions made within the legal aid means test for dependants of applicants, in line with changes to income support rates. Additionally, the LAA has updated its means assessment guidance to incorporate these changes.

The Legal Aid Agency (LAA) has updated its civil legal aid means testing guidance to reflect adjustments in dependants’ allowances, state benefits and tax rates. This update applies to both the LAA civil legal aid eligibility keycard and the Means Assessment Guidance, which together determine financial eligibility for civil legal aid in England and Wales. The updated Keycard confirms that applicants must have gross monthly income not exceeding £2,657 and disposable income of £733 or less, with capital limits of £8,000 (or £3,000 for certain immigration matters) to qualify for civil legal aid. Fixed monthly allowances include £228.56 for a partner and £367.87 for each dependant, alongside a £45 employment expense allowance and a £545 housing cost cap in certain cases. Additionally, the updated guidance differentiates between controlled work and licensed work applications, each following a distinct assessment process.