Respondent definition

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A summary checklist and timeline for bringing misfeasance, fraudulent trading and wrongful trading claims under sections 212, 213, 246ZA, 214 and 246ZB of the Insolvency Act 1986

A summary checklist and timeline for bringing misfeasance, fraudulent trading and wrongful trading claims under sections 212, 213, 246ZA, 214 and 246ZB of the Insolvency Act 1986 Checklist This Checklist is in relation to claims under sections 212–214, 246ZA and 246ZB of the Insolvency Act 1986 (IA 1986), being commenced by an insolvency office-holder. For further reading on claims under IA 1986, ss 212–214, 246ZA and 246ZB generally, see Practice Notes: • Misfeasance claims under section 212 of the Insolvency Act 1986 • Fraudulent trading claims under sections 213 and 246ZA of the Insolvency Act 1986 • Wrongful trading claims under sections 214 and 246ZB of the Insolvency Act 1986 Step/action Time (days) Section/rule 1. Investigate the events and circumstances leading to the insolvency of the company and the matters giving rise to the claim(s) against the respondent(s). This would include obtaining the company's books and records, interviewing directors, former directors and any persons with information concerning the promotion, formation, business, dealings, affairs or property of the company.It...

Drafting checklist for claim or response—unfair dismissal: redundancy

Drafting checklist for claim or response—unfair dismissal: redundancy Both parties • Was the Claimant an employee? See Practice Notes: Entitlement to claim unfair dismissal—Eligibility and Employee status • Did the Claimant have requisite qualifying service, or does an exception apply? See Practice Note: Qualifying period for unfair dismissal • Has the Claimant complied with the requirement for early conciliation or does one of the exemptions apply? See Practice Note: The early conciliation requirement • Is the claim brought within the three-month time limit, or the period as extended if the requirement for early conciliation applies? See Practice Notes: Unfair dismissal time limit and The early conciliation requirement—Extension to time limits (the 'stop the clock' provisions) • Is the contract of employment arguably void for illegality? See Practice Note: Entitlement to claim unfair dismissal—Illegality • Does the Claimant fall within a category of employee excluded from unfair dismissal protection, eg police constables. See Practice Note: Entitlement to claim unfair dismissal—Particular types of employment • Was the Claimant’s work based in Great...

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Liquidated damages v penalty clause—checklist

Liquidated damages v penalty clause—checklist As seen in Practice Note: Contract interpretation—distinguishing between liquidated damages and penalty clauses, the task of determining whether or not a liquidated damages clause may be held to be unenforceable as a penalty is not always an easy one. While it will be a matter of construction for the courts in each case, there are a number of factors to consider when analysing the scope of an alleged liquidated damages clause and whether or not it may be susceptible to challenge as a penalty. If drafting a liquidated damages clause, it is essential that you keep these factors in mind in drafting the clause (and its relationship with related clauses). See: • Drafting and negotiating a liquidated damages clause—checklist • Precedent: Liquidated damages clause For specific consideration of how clauses in commercial contracts which provide for ‘default interest’ have been considered in the authorities, see: • Penalty interest rates in commercial contracts • Contract interpretation—distinguishing between liquidated damages and penalty clauses—When might default interest be...

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Adjudication—the Response

Produced in association with 4 Pump CourtThis Practice Note looks at the responding party’s defence to a Referral Notice in an adjudication—typically called the Response. The purpose of the Response is to set out clearly and concisely the responding party’s case—effectively comprising its pleadings, evidence, opening and closing submissions all rolled into one. This Practice Note considers the entitlement/requirement to serve a Response, the deadline for doing so, and issues that can be included in a Response, as well as providing practical tips for drafting it.Other helpful summaries on issues which may be relevant are available in Checklists: Key issues to consider on receipt of a Notice of Adjudication and Key issues to consider when preparing an Adjudication Response.Entitlement to serve a ResponseThe Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act 1996 (HGCRA 1996) and the Scheme for Construction Contracts do not expressly provide for any response from the responding party to either the Notice of Adjudication or the Referral Notice. However, the adjudicator has a general power to issue directions relating to...

Employment claims in Scottish civil courts

Employment claims in Scottish civil courts Scottish civil courts, like their counterparts in England and Wales, can and do decide certain employment disputes. However, there are very significant differences between the civil court systems in Scotland and in England and Wales which practitioners need to be aware of. This Practice Note provides an overview of: • the most common orders sought by employment lawyers in Scottish civil courts • the structure of the Scottish civil court system • the jurisdiction and key features of each relevant court • rights of audience • rules of procedure • important points about: ◦ breach of contract claims in Scotland ◦ injunctive (interlocutory) relief in Scotland ◦ dawn raids in Scotland ◦ industrial relations disputes in Scotland ◦ equality of terms claims in Scotland The purpose of this Practice Note is to provide an introduction to the key features of the Scottish civil court system for employment lawyers. It is not intended to and does not purport to be a comprehensive account of...

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Letter of instruction to single joint expert—employment tribunal proceedings

Letter of instruction to single joint expert—employment tribunal proceedings Private & confidential [Insert name and address of expert] [Insert date] Dear [insert name of expert] [Insert case heading, eg Ms R Jones v Supermarkets Plc, ET Case Number: 12345] Instruction to act as single joint expert Thank you for agreeing to act as the expert witness in this matter. As you know you will be acting as a single joint expert. We act for [insert name of client] who is [bringing OR defending OR an employment tribunal claim against [insert name of opposing party/parties]. This letter has been countersigned by the solicitors acting on behalf of [insert name of opposing party/parties] to confirm their agreement to the terms of this letter. The aim of this letter is to provide you with the relevant factual background, key documents and to identify the issues you will need to consider. As an expert witness you will be aware of the need for you to comply with certain duties and ensure...

Application—amendment to claim or response

Application—amendment to claim or response [Insert date] [Insert] Employment Tribunal [insert address] To the [insert] Employment Tribunal [Insert case name] Case No: [Insert case number] Application under Rule 31(1) to amend the [Claim OR Response] We act for the [ Claimant OR Respondent] in the above matter. We wish to apply pursuant to Rule 31(1) for an order that we be permitted to amend the [Claim OR Response] in the form of the attached draft, as follows: [insert details, eg to include an additional paragraph 10A to read ‘The Claimant also contends that her dismissal amounts to direct sex discrimination under sections 13 and 39 of the Equality Act 2010’.] [We request that a hearing is listed to consider the details of this application. OR We request that this application is determined on the basis of written representations only so as to avoid the need for the parties to attend a hearing and incur the additional associated costs.] Our reasons for applying for...

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When must an order be served on a respondent following a without notice application?

When must an order be served on a respondent following a without notice application? In many cases the court will serve the order. Where the applicant is to serve, the precise requirements for serving the order are likely to vary according to the terms of the order granted and any undertakings given by the applicant. In most cases, the order itself will stipulate when it is required to be served by the applicant. There is no specific guidance in the CPR, practice directions, authorities or Court Guides providing a deadline as to when an order made subsequent to a without notice application must be served with the exception of the following: • if dealing with proceedings in the Chancery Division, a court practice note sets out the procedure to be applied but does not stipulate any specific time limits. However, it does state that if the order is picked up from a collection tray at court then the law firm has a responsibility to make sure...

What are the consequences of an appellant lodging their appeal notice in the Court of Appeal by the relevant time limit but failing to file all of the relevant enclosures with it (as required by the relevant provisions in the CPR) until months after the time limit has expired?

What are the consequences of an appellant lodging their appeal notice in the Court of Appeal by the relevant time limit but failing to file all of the relevant enclosures with it (as required by the relevant provisions in the CPR) until months after the time limit has expired? In addition to the general requirements when filing an appeal notice, as detailed in Practice Note: Starting an appeal—general provisions, appeal notices in the Court of Appeal must be filed in the Civil Appeals Office Registry together with: • three copies of the appeal notice and one additional copy for each of the respondents. These additional copies will be sealed by the court and returned to the appellant for service on the respondent(s) • one copy of the documents set out in CPR PD 52C, para 3(3), including: • the sealed order or tribunal decision being appealed • any order granting or refusing permission to appeal • the judge's or tribunal's reasons for granting or refusing permission...

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PI & Clinical Negligence weekly highlights—5 June 2025

This week's edition of PI & Clinical Negligence weekly highlights includes news of interest rate reductions for Court Funds Office accounts effective 30 May 2025 following a decrease in the Bank of England’s base rate, and a new guide for the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) introducing mandatory electronic filing and streamlined procedures for civil appeals. We consider a High Court decision where a teenage passenger’s claim for brain damage from a motorbike accident was reduced by 20% for contributory negligence for not wearing a helmet and accepting a ride from an inexperienced rider. We also bring you a workplace COVID-19 appeal that was allowed due to errors in applying the causation test during summary judgment, and a claim involving occupational injury from acoustic shock that was dismissed after the required diagnostic criteria were not met. In addition, we have our usual round-up of other news, cases and New Law Journal articles of interest and we have included a free webinar.

Restructuring & Insolvency weekly highlights—5 June 2025

This week's edition of Restructuring & Insolvency weekly highlights includes: an analysis of the responsibilities of directors to keep and produce appropriately detailed copies of the company’s books and records (Re New Line Polymers Ltd (in liquidation)), an examination of the meaning of section 234 of the Insolvency Act 1986 (Carvill-Biggs v Reading), a close look at office-holder costs and adjudication challenges (Sanrose Investment Ltd v Foley), plus a round-up of other news and cases for restructuring and insolvency.