Landlord and Tenant (Volume 62 (2022), paras 1-595; Volume 63 (2022), paras 596-1219; Volume 64 (2022), paras 1220-1957)

If it's not in Halsbury's then it's not the law.

Covering every proposition of the law of England and Wales, however niche, Halsbury's Laws provides all your legal answers in a single source.

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Landlord and Tenant (Volume 62 (2022), paras 1-595; Volume 63 (2022), paras 596-1219; Volume 64 (2022), paras 1220-1957)

If it's not in Halsbury's then it's not the law.

Covering every proposition of the law of England and Wales, however niche, Halsbury's Laws provides all your legal answers in a single source.

TAKE A FREE TRIAL

Landlord and Tenant (Volume 62 (2022), paras 1-595; Volume 63 (2022), paras 596-1219; Volume 64 (2022), paras 1220-1957)

Consultant Editor

1. Relationship of Landlord and Tenant

1. General principles that govern the relationship of landlord and tenant.

2. Tenancy by contract.

3. Attornment.

4. Tenancy by estoppel.

5. Tenancy arising under or by reason of statute.

6. Nature of licence.

7. Creation of licence.

8. Nature of grant of exclusive possession.

9. General principles for determining whether agreement creates lease or licence.

10. Circumstances which negative the presumption of a tenancy.

11. Instances where grant conferring exclusive possession has been held to operate merely as a licence.

12. Other instances of agreements creating licences.

13. Licence coupled with grant of interest.

14. Licences coupled with proprietary estoppel.

15. Whether an employee is a tenant or service occupant.

16. Nature of a lodger's interest and rights.

17. Meaning of 'land'.

18. Commonhold units.

19. Lettings for an unlawful purpose.

20. Effect of a letting for an unlawful purpose.

21. Supervening illegality.

22. Use of premises as brothel.

23. Capacity to grant tenancies; in general.

24. The Crown.

25. Minors and other persons under disability.

26. Corporations and companies.

27. Local authorities and other public authorities; housing associations.

28. Building societies, friendly societies, credit unions and trade unions.

29. Universities and colleges.

30. Tenant for life under strict settlement.

31. Trustees of land.

32. Executors and administrators.

33. Charities and ecclesiastical bodies.

34. Mortgagors and mortgagees.

35. Administrators; receivers; trustees in bankruptcy.

36. Capacity to accept tenancies; in general.

37. Minors and other persons under a disability.

38. Co-owners, trustees and personal representatives.

39. Unincorporated associations; charities.

40. Corporations, companies and partnerships.

41. Building societies, friendly societies, credit unions and trade unions.

42. Local authorities.

43. Guarantees of tenants' obligations.

44. The Secretary of State and the Welsh Ministers.

45. Statutory powers to provide financial assistance.

46. Nature of contract when renting in Wales under a tenancy or licence: occupation contracts.

47. Regulation by local authorities; HMOs; rent repayment orders; and rogue landlords.

48. Statutory codes; in general.

49. Provision made under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 for disclosure of landlord's identity.

50. Provision made under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 for notification of address for service on landlord.

51. Tenants' fees and holding deposits.

52. Rights and freedoms guaranteed under the Human Rights Act 1998.

53. Possession proceedings and the Human Rights Act 1998.

54. Protected characteristics and application of equality provisions in relation to premises.

55. Prohibition of discrimination, harassment and victimisation in relation to the disposal of premises.

56. Prohibition of discrimination, harassment and victimisation in relation to the management of premises.

57. Disability discrimination: duties of controller of premises.

58. Disability discrimination: supplementary provisions where there is a duty to make reasonable adjustments.

59. Avoidance of provisions preventing occupation of leasehold property by persons with mental disorders.

60. The Electronic Communications Code.

61. Jurisdiction relating to landlord and tenant matters.

62. Civil practice and procedure relating to the landlord and tenant jurisdiction.

63. Jurisdiction of First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) and the Upper Tribunal relating to residential and leasehold property etc.

64. Transfer of court proceedings to the First-tier Tribunal (Property Chamber) or the Upper Tribunal; appeals.

65. Jurisdiction of leasehold valuation tribunals.

66. Transfer of court proceedings to a leasehold valuation tribunal.

67. Costs of proceedings before a leasehold valuation tribunal.

68. Appeals from decisions of leasehold valuation tribunals.

2. Payments, Deposits and Agreements for Leases

69. Leases; in general.

70. Leases which are not effective to create a legal estate.

71. Agreements for leases; tenancy agreements.

72. Enforcement of agreements for leases.

73. Limitations on the enforcement of agreements for leases.

74. Rights of tenants in possession.

75. Tenant fees: prohibitions applying to landlords.

76. Tenant fees: prohibitions applying to letting agents.

77. Prohibited payments.

78. Holding deposits.

79. Tenant fees: enforcement of prohibitions and requirements.

80. Tenant fees: recovery by enforcement authority of sums paid.

81. Tenant fees: offences relating to prohibitions applying to landlords and letting agents.

82. Tenant fees: recovery by relevant person of sums paid.

83. Tenant fees: restriction on terminating tenancy.

84. Lead enforcement authority under letting agency legislation.

85. Prohibitions applying to landlords and letting agents.

86. Prohibited and permitted payments.

87. Holding deposits.

88. Contract must be made in writing.

89. Rectified contracts.

90. Requirements for a valid agreement; in general.

91. Essential terms of agreement.

92. Usual covenants.

93. Unusual covenants.

94. Building agreement.

95. Liability for rent.

96. Agreements by agents.

97. Prohibition of certain practices by agents.

98. Investigation of landlord's title.

99. Consents that may be required.

100. Need for inspection of head lease.

101. Agreement for underlease to contain like covenants to those of the head lease.

102. Capital gains tax, VAT and stamp duty land tax.

103. Damages at common law for failure to perform agreement for a lease.

104. Claim for specific performance brought in relation to an agreement for a lease.

105. Damages in lieu of specific performance.

106. Rescission for breach of agreement for a lease.

107. Remedies for breach of building agreement.

3. Leases and Underleases

108. Requisites for demise by lease; in general.

109. Prescribed clauses leases.

110. Leases for term not exceeding three years.

111. Leases for term exceeding three years.

112. Leases of incorporeal hereditaments.

113. Concurrent leases by deed.

114. Oral concurrent leases.

115. Future leases.

116. Underlease for the whole term.

117. Undertenant's liability to head landlord.

118. Covenant to observe covenants in head lease and as to indemnity.

119. Rights and liabilities under building lease.

120. Formalities.

121. Alterations and additions.

122. Apportionment of outgoings.

123. Duplicate and counterpart.

124. When a counterpart is essential.

125. Merger of contract in lease.

126. Operation of invalid lease as an agreement.

127. No need for actual entry.

128. Registration with superior landlord.

129. Registration of title.

130. Payment of costs.

131. Tenant's liability for agreed costs.

132. Recovery of agreed costs from tenant.

133. Treatment of leases for the purposes of stamp duty land tax and VAT.

134. Construction of leases generally.

135. Contents of prescribed clauses leases.

136. Usual contents of a lease.

137. Date.

138. Consideration.

139. Demise.

140. Lease must be for determinate time.

141. Standard form tenancy agreements.

142. Covenants.

143. Conditions or provisos.

144. Remedies for breach of covenant or condition.

145. Nature of option to purchase.

146. Conditions precedent to exercise of option.

147. How and by whom option exercisable.

148. Effect of exercise of option.

149. Option for further lease.

150. Exercise of option.

151. By whom option exercisable.

152. Conditions of option.

153. Release of option.

154. Validation of defective leases in equity.

155. Statutory validation of defective exercise of power.

156. Saving of rights of lessees and lessors.

157. Variation of leases; introduction.

158. Application by party to lease for variation under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

159. Application by respondent for variation of other leases under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

160. Application by majority of parties for variation of leases under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

161. Orders by the tribunal varying leases under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

162. Effect of orders varying leases; applications by third parties.

163. Application for variation of insurance provisions.

164. Procedure for bringing claim for an order by a leasehold valuation tribunal in Wales to vary lease under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

165. Rectification of leases; in general.

166. Rectification on the grounds of common mistake.

167. Rectification where there is unilateral mistake.

168. Nature of the remedy; effect on third parties.

4. Demised Premises

169. Description in the case of registered land.

170. Description in the case of unregistered land.

171. Meanings of specific words.

172. Parcels may depend on the circumstances of the property.

173. Additions and improvements.

174. Roads.

175. Rivers.

176. Car parking spaces.

177. Easements; in general.

178. Game, sporting rights and livestock.

179. Nature of exceptions.

180. Nature of reservations.

181. Flats; in general.

182. Parts of buildings used in common.

183. Enforcement of landlord's covenants to employ staff.

184. Classification of objects brought onto the land.

185. Ownership of fixtures.

186. Test to determine what are fixtures.

187. Mode of annexation.

188. Purpose of annexation.

189. Fixtures with removable parts.

190. Relaxations of the general rule.

191. Trade fixtures.

192. Ornamental fixtures.

193. Removal causing serious damage.

194. Time for removal.

195. Effect of a new lease.

196. Licence to remove fixtures.

197. Contract to leave fixtures.

198. Remedies for wrongful removal of fixtures.

199. Tenant's right to timber or turf.

200. Landlord's right to timber.

201. Young timber trees.

202. Tenant's general property in trees not being timber.

203. Exception of trees from lease.

204. Right to enter and cut.

205. Effect of covenants as to trees.

206. Cutting of excepted trees.

207. Presumption as to encroachments by tenant.

208. Presumption where encroachment is not contiguous.

209. Rebuttal of presumption.

5. Duration of Tenancy

210. Nature of tenancy at will.

211. Implied tenancy at will.

212. Possession pending completion.

213. Possession after expiry of lease.

214. Determination of tenancy at will.

215. Determination by landlord.

216. Determination by tenant.

217. Tenancy at will is personal relationship.

218. Nature of tenancy at sufferance.

219. Rights of tenant and landlord.

220. Nature of tenancy.

221. Tenancy from year to year by presumption of law.

222. Terms of yearly tenancy implied by law.

223. Effect of payment of rent.

224. Holding over.

225. How tenancy is determined.

226. Effect of statute.

227. Meaning of 'excluded tenancy' and 'excluded licence'.

228. Tenancy commencing on quarter day.

229. Tenancy commencing on intermediate day.

230. Date of expiration of notice.

231. Necessity for ascertaining date of commencement of tenancy.

232. Proof of date of commencement.

233. Form of notice.

234. Construction of incorrect notice.

235. Notice to quit on a contingency.

236. Who may give or receive notice.

237. Notice given by or to agent.

238. Notice given by one of several joint owners or joint tenants.

239. Statutory provisions with regard to service of notice to quit.

240. Service on tenant.

241. Service on landlord.

242. Withdrawal and waiver of notice.

243. Acts by which effect of a notice to quit may be lost.

244. Dispensing with notice.

245. Nature of tenancy.

246. Determination of tenancy.

247. Tenancy for years.

248. Effect of the instrument.

249. Commencement of the term.

250. Duration of the term.

251. Time of quitting.

252. Nature of interest.

253. Lives should be specified.

6. Payment of Rent

254. Nature of rent.

255. Payments which are not rent.

256. Single rent in respect of land and chattels.

257. Rent must be certain.

258. Agreements to increase or reduce rents.

259. Statutory limitations on the amount of rent.

260. Reserve power to limit rent under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.

261. Reservation of rent.

262. Rent follows the reversion.

263. Nature of penal rents.

264. Treatment of rent for purposes of VAT and stamp duty land tax.

265. The Leasehold Reform (Ground Rent) Act 2022.

266. Prohibited and permitted rent.

267. Regulated and excepted leases.

268. Permitted rent for shared ownership leases.

269. Replacement leases.

270. Duty to provide rent book etc.

271. Information to be contained in rent books.

272. Information to be supplied by companies.

273. Rent book as evidence.

274. Details to be contained in demands for rent etc.

275. Demand or receipt for rent including rates.

276. When rent is payable.

277. Requirement to notify long leaseholders that rent is due.

278. By whom rent is payable.

279. To whom rent is payable.

280. Payment of rent in cash or by cheque or notes.

281. Payment of rent by post.

282. Payment of rent by standing order or by electronic transfer.

283. Authorised deductions and set-off.

284. Income tax, rates and council tax.

285. Local authorities' improvement expenses.

286. Compensation and overpayments.

287. Suspension of rent clauses.

288. Eviction.

289. Abandonment and reletting.

290. Eviction under title paramount.

291. Effect of eviction under other titles.

292. Frustration of the lease.

293. Effect on rent of damage by fire.

294. Premises becoming uninhabitable or unusable for tenant's purpose.

295. Effect on mining lease of exhaustion of minerals.

296. Apportionment in respect of time.

297. Apportionment in respect of estate.

298. Unlawful eviction; inability to take possession.

299. Statutory powers of apportionment of rents.

7. Recovery of Rent and Related Sums

8. Repair, Fitness and Alteration

323. Landlord's liability to repair.

324. Landlord's liability in the event of fire.

325. Right of entry.

326. Lessor's statutory obligation to repair: whole buildings.

327. Lessor's statutory obligation to repair: parts of buildings.

328. Leases to which the statutory repairing obligations apply.

329. Leases to which the statutory repairing obligations do not apply.

330. Restrictions on contracting out of the statutory repairing obligations.

331. Implied terms relating to building safety.

332. Liability for building safety costs.

333. Liability for remuneration of building safety director of resident management company etc.

334. Jurisdiction of County Court.

335. Building safety directors of resident management companies.

336. Enforcement of housing standards by local authorities.

337. Warranty of fitness for habitation; the common law position.

338. Express and implied warranties of fitness.

339. Fitness of rented residential accommodation for human habitation: England.

339A. Remedying of hazards occurring in dwellings let on relevant social housing leases

340. Implied condition and undertaking on letting of certain small houses: Wales.

341. Breach of the implied condition and undertaking on letting of small houses.

342. Furnished houses.

343. Energy efficiency requirements of building regulations and energy performance certificates.

344. Disclosure of green deal plan to prospective buyers, tenants and licensees.

345. Duty to secure acknowledgment that prospective buyers, tenants or licensees have liabilities under the green deal plan.

346. Domestic energy efficiency regulations.

347. Tenants' energy efficiency regulations.

348. Non-domestic energy efficiency regulations.

349. Notification by landlord of building safety information.

350. Tenant's liability for repair.

351. Tenant's liability to rebuild after fire.

352. Obligation to repair fences.

353. Obligation to preserve boundaries.

354. Nature of waste.

355. Meliorating waste.

356. Accidental injury.

357. Extent of tenant's liability for waste.

358. Remedies for waste.

359. Covenant construed with reference to original condition of premises.

360. Meaning of 'repair'; inherent defects; improvements.

361. Factors distinguishing repairs from improvements.

362. Examples of repairs.

363. Examples of improvements.

364. Standard of repair.

365. Exception for fair wear and tear.

366. Destruction of premises.

367. Repair or removal of buildings erected subsequent to demise.

368. Repair of buildings encroached upon.

369. Covenant to rebuild.

370. Covenant conditional upon landlord's putting premises in repair.

371. Repair to surveyor's satisfaction.

372. Notice of breach of covenant to repair.

373. Court's power to grant relief.

374. Covenants to put into and keep in repair.

375. Covenant by landlord to repair.

376. There must be notice to the landlord of want of repair.

377. Remediation orders.

378. Remediation contribution orders.

379. Remediation costs of insolvent landlord.

380. Landlord's remedies for breach; in general.

381. Notice by landlord before claim for damages.

382. Effect of counter-notice by tenant.

383. Breaches of covenant to which the statutory restrictions do not apply.

384. Other provisions protecting tenants.

385. Claim for damages during term.

386. Claim for damages after determination of term.

387. Specific performance.

388. Tenant's remedies; in general.

389. Damages for breach of covenant by landlord.

390. Specific performance; in general.

391. Specific performance available by statute to tenants of dwellings.

392. Appointment of receiver or manager.

393. The pre-action protocol for housing condition cases.

394. The pre-action protocol for claims for damages in relation to the physical state of commercial property at termination of a tenancy.

395. Position at common law regarding alterations etc.

396. Statutory provisions as to improvements.

397. Tenant's remedy where consent is unreasonably refused.

398. Modification of covenants by the court.

399. Alterations required by fire and rescue authority.

400. Improvements to let dwelling houses occupied by a disabled person.

401. Liability for nuisance.

402. Landlord's statutory liability for negligence.

403. Landlord in possession of part of the premises.

404. Remedies and procedure.

405. Duty to manage asbestos in non-domestic premises.

406. Landlord's duties with regard to gas fittings, smoke alarms and carbon monoxide alarms.

407. Landlord's duties to ensure electrical safety standards are met.

408. Obligation to repair modified in respect of war damage.

409. Obligation to repair damage during period of requisitioning modified.

9. Covenants as to Alienation and Use

410. Tenant's right to assign.

411. Covenant against assignment or parting with possession.

412. Involuntary assignments.

413. Covenant against underletting.

414. Conditions of landlord's consent to assignment.

415. Unreasonable withholding of consent.

416. Tenant's remedy where consent is unreasonably refused.

417. Unlawful withholding of consent.

418. Building leases.

419. Qualified duty to consent to assignment etc.

420. Qualified duty to approve consent by another.

421. Grounds of refusal of consent; unreasonableness.

422. Unreasonable conditions attached to consent.

423. Remedy for breach of the covenant.

424. Position of unlawful assignee.

425. Acceptance by landlord of assignee as tenant.

426. Covenants restricting the user of premises.

427. Statutory provisions as to alterations of user.

428. Tenant's remedy where consent is unreasonably refused.

429. Nuisance or annoyance.

430. Trade or business.

431. Covenant to keep premises open.

432. Keeping hens and rabbits.

433. Noisome or offensive trades.

434. Private dwelling house.

435. Public house or tavern.

436. Waiver of covenant restricting user.

437. Discharge and modification of restrictive covenants.

10. Other Covenants

438. Usual form of covenant.

439. Effect of qualified covenant.

440. Payment of rent not condition precedent.

441. Implied covenant for quiet enjoyment.

442. Scope of implied covenant for quiet enjoyment.

443. Duration of implied covenant.

444. Covenant does not enlarge grant.

445. Breach of covenant for quiet enjoyment.

446. Acts done off the premises.

447. Measure of damages.

448. Obligation not to derogate from grant.

449. General liability for rates, taxes etc.

450. Net annual value for rating purposes.

451. Certification of rateable value.

452. Liability may usually be determined by agreement.

453. Meaning of 'tax'.

454. Landlord's covenant to pay rates and taxes.

455. Usual covenants in lease as to rates, taxes and outgoings.

456. Charges for permanent improvements.

457. Covenant to pay 'rates, taxes and assessments'.

458. Construction of particular words.

459. Covenant construed by reference to circumstances.

460. Usual covenants for insurance and tenant's statutory rights.

461. Stipulations as to office and names.

462. Breach of covenant to insure.

463. Separate insurance by landlord and tenant.

464. Application of insurance moneys.

465. VAT on payments made by tenant in respect of insurance.

466. Meaning and effect of covenant for renewal.

467. Observance of conditions by tenant.

468. Covenants for perpetual renewal.

469. Effect of covenant for perpetual renewal.

470. Underlease with covenant for renewal.

471. Usual covenants.

11. Assignment and Devolution of Leases

472. Licence to assign.

473. Agreement to assign must be in writing.

474. General principles; assignment must normally be by deed.

475. VAT and stamp duty land tax on assignments.

476. Assignment of part of land comprised in a lease.

477. Form of transfer.

478. Duty to notify tenant of assignment of reversion.

479. Passing of benefit and burden; in general.

480. Passing on severance of the reversion.

481. Rights and obligations of the landlord; the position at common law.

482. Rights of the original tenant.

483. Statutory restriction on former tenant's liability for rent or service charge etc.

484. Burden of tenant's covenants: in general.

485. Form of lease.

486. Persons liable as assignees.

487. Assignment of part.

488. Liability of assignee after further assignment.

489. Covenant against assignment without consent.

490. Liability to observe restrictive covenants binding in equity.

491. Benefit of landlord's covenants.

492. Benefit of tenant's covenants runs with reversion.

493. Benefit of surety's covenants may run with reversion.

494. Form of lease.

495. Persons who may enforce tenant's covenants.

496. Burden of landlord's covenants runs with reversion.

497. Severance of reversion.

498. Assignee's implied liability at common law to indemnify tenant.

499. Express covenant of indemnity.

500. Statutory implied covenant for indemnity.

501. Construction of express and statutory implied covenants for indemnity.

502. Costs recoverable under express covenant.

503. Tenancies and covenants to which the 1995 Act applies.

504. Restrictions on contracting out.

505. Transmission of benefit and burden of covenants.

506. Transmission of rights of re-entry.

507. Tenant released from covenants on assignment of tenancy.

508. Landlord may be released from covenants on assignment of reversion.

509. Former landlord may be released from covenants on assignment of reversion.

510. Procedure where landlord or former landlord seeks release from covenant.

511. Apportionment of liability under covenants binding both assignor and assignee of tenancy or reversion.

512. Procedure for making apportionment bind other party to lease.

513. Assignments in breach of covenant or by operation of law.

514. Effects of release from liability under, or loss of benefit of, covenant.

515. Covenants with management companies etc.

516. Covenants binding two or more persons.

517. Enforcement of covenants.

518. Tenant guaranteeing performance of covenant by assignee.

519. General rule and exceptions.

520. Lease devolves on personal representatives.

521. Liability of representative as assignee.

522. Avoidance of liability.

523. Personal insolvency.

524. Corporate insolvency.

12. Terminating Leases; Recovering Possession

525. Methods of determination.

526. Frustration and repudiation.

527. Statutory limitation of rights to possession; in general.

528. Effect of proviso for re-entry.

529. Term determinable on breach of a condition.

530. Impugning landlord's title as ground for forfeiture.

531. Construction of forfeiture clauses.

532. Positive and negative covenants.

533. To whom right of re-entry may be reserved.

534. What amounts to re-entry.

535. Restriction on termination of residential tenancy for failure to pay service charge.

536. New tenancies; forfeiture limited to part only of demised premises.

537. Long residential leases; no forfeiture for failure to pay prescribed amount.

538. Long residential leases; no forfeiture notice before determination that breach occurred.

539. Power to prescribe additional or different requirements.

540. Waiver of forfeiture.

541. What acts amount to waiver.

542. Continuing breach of covenant.

543. Effect of waivers and licences.

544. Statutory conditions of re-entry.

545. What notice is required.

546. Service of notice.

547. Tenant's right to relief.

548. Compensation and costs.

549. Effect of order on lease; non-compliance with conditions of order.

550. Covenant against assignment.

551. Where the restrictions on, and relief against, forfeiture do not apply.

552. Underlessee's right to relief or to a vesting order.

553. Right to relief against forfeiture for non-payment of rent.

554. Underlessee's right to relief from forfeiture or to a vesting order.

555. Nature of surrender.

556. VAT and stamp duty land tax on surrenders.

557. Form of surrender.

558. Surrender by operation of law; in general.

559. Surrender by grant of new lease to tenant.

560. Variation of terms of lease.

561. Surrender by change in nature of tenant's occupation.

562. Surrender by lease to a third person with tenant's consent.

563. Effect on subtenants.

564. Effect on liability for rent and breaches of covenant.

565. Merger of term at law and in equity.

566. Effect of merger on underlease.

567. Right to disclaim.

568. Effect of disclaimer.

569. General effect of the Landlord and Tenant (War Damage) Acts 1939 and 1941.

570. Disclaimer and retention of leases under the Landlord and Tenant (War Damage) Acts 1939 and 1941.

571. General effect of the Landlord and Tenant (Requisitioned Land) Act 1942.

572. Disclaimer under the Landlord and Tenant (Requisitioned Land) Act 1942.

573. Derelict land.

574. Liability to restore possession.

575. Landlord's right of re-entry.

576. Unauthorised violent entry.

577. Enforcement of right of re-entry etc against residential occupiers restricted to due process of law.

578. Right to damages for unlawful eviction conferred by the Housing Act 1988.

579. Measure of damages for unlawful eviction conferred by the Housing Act 1988.

580. Effect on possession proceedings of coronavirus pandemic.

581. Jurisdiction in proceedings for possession.

582. The pre-action protocol for possession claims by social landlords.

583. The pre-action protocol for possession claims by social landlords based on rent arrears.

584. Notice to landlord of adverse claims.

585. Procedure on application for interim possession order.

586. General rules for commencing a claim for possession.

587. Electronic issue of certain possession claims.

588. The hearing date for possession claims.

589. The defendant's response to possession claim.

590. Hearing and allocation of claims.

591. The pre-action protocol for possession claims where the court's discretion to postpone possession is limited by statute.

592. Restricted discretion of the court in making orders for possession.

593. Enforcement of possession orders.

594. Claim for double rent.

595. Claim for double value.

13. Management of Leasehold Premises

596. The right to manage; in general.

597. Tenant's right to apply to tribunal for appointment of manager.

598. Application for appointment of manager by special measures manager.

599. Preliminary notice by tenant.

600. Pre-requisites for application to tribunal for appointment of manager.

601. Appointment of manager by tribunal.

602. Variation or discharge of order appointing a manager.

603. Acquisition and exercise of rights to manage premises as an RTM company; in general.

604. Premises to which the right to manage applies.

605. Premises excluded from the right to manage.

606. Qualifying tenants for the purposes of the right to manage.

607. Long leases for the purposes of the right to manage.

608. Powers of trustees in relation to right to manage.

609. Notices with regard to the right to manage.

610. Companies which are RTM companies.

611. Membership; prohibition on contracting out of membership rights.

612. Articles of association of RTM companies.

613. Notice inviting participation in an RTM company.

614. Notice of claim to acquire right to manage.

615. Contents of claim notice.

616. Right of access.

617. Counter-notices.

618. Withdrawal or deemed withdrawal of claim notice.

619. Liability for costs in relation to a claim notice.

620. Position where landlords etc not traceable.

621. Power to prescribe procedure.

622. The acquisition date for entitlement of the right to manage premises.

623. Duties to give notice of contracts.

624. Duty to provide information.

625. Duty to pay accrued uncommitted service charges.

626. Exercising the right to manage; in general.

627. Management functions of the RTM company under leases.

628. Functions relating to the grant of approvals to a tenant under the lease.

629. Enforcement of tenant covenants.

630. Monitoring and reporting in relation to tenant covenants.

631. Landlord contributions to service charges paid to the RTM company.

632. [Enforcement of] obligations under the right to manage provisions.

633. Cessation of management by RTM company.

634. Recognised tenants' associations to be consulted about managing agents.

635. Right to management audit carried out on tenants' behalf.

636. Meaning of 'qualifying tenant' for the purposes of the right to a management audit.

637. Meaning of 'management audit'.

638. Rights exercisable in connection with management audits.

639. Exercise of right to have a management audit.

640. Procedure following giving of notice.

641. Requirement relating to information etc held by superior landlord.

642. Approval of codes of practice for management of residential property.

643. Nature of a service charge.

644. Recovery of legal costs through service charge.

645. Information about service charges at common law.

646. Limitation of service charges at common law.

647. Service charges and the Rent Act 1977 and Housing Act 1988.

648. VAT and stamp duty land tax.

649. Restriction on liability for payment of service charge after assignment.

650. Application of the service charge provisions of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1985.

651. Meanings of 'service charge' and 'relevant costs'.

652. Meaning of 'recognised tenants' association'.

653. Provision by landlords of written summary of relevant costs or service charge information.

654. Withholding of service charges if requested information or report not properly supplied to tenant.

655. Summary of rights and obligations to accompany demands for service charges.

656. Inspection etc of documents.

657. Information held by superior landlord.

658. Effect of change of landlord.

659. Effect of assignment.

660. Offences.

661. Tenants' association's right to appoint surveyor to advise on matters relating to service charges.

662. Rights exercisable by surveyor appointed by tenants' association.

663. Documents held by superior landlord.

664. Effect of disposal by landlord.

665. Limitation of service charges: reasonableness of relevant costs etc.

666. Limitation of service charges: grant-aided works.

667. Limitation of service charges: excluded costs for higher-risk buildings.

668. Limitation of service charges: remediation works.

669. Limitation of service charges: time limit on making demands.

670. Application that costs of specified proceedings are not to be regarded as relevant costs.

670A. Limitation of variable service charges: non-litigation costs of enfranchisement etc

671. No service charge payable for defect for which landlord or associate responsible.

672. No service charge payable if landlord meets contribution condition.

673. No service charge payable if lease is below certain value.

674. Limit on service charge.

675. No service charge for cladding remediation.

676. No service charge for professional services relating to liability for relevant defects.

677. Landlord's certificates.

678. Recovery of service charge amounts from landlords.

679. Meaning of 'relevant building'.

680. Meaning of 'qualifying lease' and 'qualifying time'.

681. Meaning of 'relevant defect'.

682. Obligations as to supply of information.

683. Consultation requirements and circumstances in which they may be dispensed with.

684. Agreements that are not qualifying long term agreements.

685. Consultation requirements for qualifying long term agreements other than those for which public notice is required.

686. Consultation requirements for qualifying long term agreements where public notice is required.

687. Consultation requirements for qualifying works which are the subject of a qualifying long term agreement or similar agreement.

688. Consultation requirements for qualifying works not the subject of a qualifying long term agreement or similar agreement.

689. Determination of liability to pay service charges.

690. Service charge contributions to be held in trust.

691. Service charge contributions to be held in designated account.

692. Meanings of 'administration charge' and 'variable administration charge'.

693. Summary of rights and obligations to accompany demands for administration charges.

694. Reasonableness of administration charges.

695. No administration charge for certain rents.

696. Liability to pay administration charges; jurisdiction.

697. General principles with regard to insurance.

698. Summary of insurance cover.

700. Insurance effected by superior landlord.

701. Effect of change of landlord or of assignment by tenant.

702. Tenant's right to notify insurers of possible claim.

703. Right to challenge landlord's choice of insurers.

704. Insurance of house otherwise than with landlord's insurer.

14. Tenancies under the Rent Act 1977

705. Purpose and scope of the Rent Acts; terminology.

706. Legislation in force.

707. Contracting out of the Rent Acts.

708. General transitional provisions in the consolidating Rent Acts.

709. Powers of the appropriate national authority.

710. Powers of local authorities.

711. Service of notices.

712. Meaning of 'protected tenancy'.

713. Dwelling house let as separate dwelling.

714. Meaning of 'let'.

715. Meaning of 'dwelling house'.

716. Premises used partly for business purposes.

717. The purpose of the letting.

718. Separate dwelling; sharing.

719. Sharing with the landlord.

720. Sharing between tenants.

721. Sharing with a subtenant.

722. Access for repairs.

723. Sublettings.

724. Improvements.

725. Meaning of 'statutory tenancy'.

726. Nature of statutory tenancy; in general.

727. Effect of tenant's absence.

728. Effect of subletting on statutory tenancy.

729. Effect of tenant having another house.

730. Family homes.

731. Terms of statutory tenancies.

732. Terms as to improvements.

733. Tenant's consent to works.

734. Termination of statutory tenancy.

735. Transfer of statutory tenancy.

736. Succession to a statutory tenancy; in general.

737. Succession where relevant death occurred before 15 January 1989.

738. Succession where relevant death occurs on or after 15 January 1989.

739. Second succession generally excluded.

740. Meaning of 'member of the tenant's family'.

741. Succession where the contractual tenancy still subsists.

742. Conversion of controlled tenancies to regulated tenancies.

743. Modifications of the Rent Act 1977 for converted tenancies.

744. Meaning of 'regulated tenancy'.

745. The rateable value limits; in general.

746. Tenancies at a high rent entered into on or after 1 April 1990.

747. Tenancies at a low rent and tenancies where no rent is payable.

748. Meaning of 'rent'.

749. Meaning of 'qualifying shared ownership lease'.

750. The resident landlord exemption.

751. Periods of non-residence to be disregarded.

752. Deemed fulfilment of landlord's residence condition.

753. Exemption ceasing to apply.

754. Tenancies granted before 14 August 1974.

755. Business premises.

756. Parsonage houses.

757. Crown property.

758. Local authorities and other public bodies.

759. Housing associations.

760. Conversion of housing association tenancies into regulated tenancies.

761. The Regulator of Social Housing; charitable housing trusts.

762. Housing co-operatives.

763. Secure tenancies.

764. Land and premises let with dwelling house.

765. Houses in agricultural holdings etc.

766. Exclusion from protection.

767. Former exclusion from protection of furnished tenancies.

768. Meaning of 'board' and 'attendance'.

769. Meaning of 'substantial portion of whole rent'.

770. Student and holiday lettings.

771. Exemption from protection of old-style assured tenancies.

772. Contractual period where no rent is registered.

773. Contractual period where rent is registered.

774. Statutory period where no rent is registered.

775. Statutory period where rent is registered.

776. Adjustment with respect to rates.

777. Adjustment with respect to services and furniture.

778. Protection of tenants with security of tenure.

779. Failure to comply with provisions to protect tenant.

780. Protection following conversion to regulated tenancy.

781. Service of notice of increase.

782. Amendment of notice of increase.

783. Right to recover overpayments.

784. Entries in rent books relating to irrecoverable rent.

785. Meaning of 'housing association tenancy'.

786. Rent limit for housing association tenancy.

787. Increase of rent under housing association tenancy without notice to quit.

788. Registration areas.

789. Rent assessment committees for Wales.

790. Appointment of rent officers; in general.

791. Current arrangements for the administration of the rent officer service.

792. Register of rents.

793. Application for registration of rent.

794. Determination of jurisdiction.

795. Procedure on application to rent officer.

796. Reference to a rent assessment committee in Wales.

797. Outcome of reference to appropriate tribunal.

798. Procedure before a rent assessment committee in Wales.

799. Appeals from rent assessment committees in Wales and judicial review.

800. Determination of fair rent.

801. Amount to be registered as rent under the maximum fair rent order.

802. Effect of a registration of a rent.

803. Cancellation of a registration of a rent.

804. The statutory restrictions; in general.

805. Meaning of 'premium'.

806. Excessive price for furniture etc.

807. Restriction in regard to loans.

808. Exclusion of certain long tenancies.

809. Exclusion of certain tenancies granted at a premium before 16 July 1980.

810. Premiums on grant, renewal or continuance of protected tenancy.

811. Premiums on assignment.

812. Excessive price for furniture etc.

813. Recovery of unlawful premiums and loans.

814. Rent in advance.

815. When proportional premiums permitted; in general.

816. Lawful premium paid on grant etc of tenancy.

817. Dwelling houses with high rateable value.

818. Certain long tenancies.

819. Payment for giving up possession.

820. Payment for transfer of statutory tenancy.

821. Restrictions on right to possession; general principles.

822. Restriction in regard to agricultural workers.

823. Exceptions under the housing legislation.

824. Reasonableness in regard to making of possession order.

825. Transitional provisions.

826. Conditions to be satisfied; in general.

827. Special grounds applying to certain agricultural workers.

828. Case 1: non-payment of rent or breach of obligation.

829. Case 2: nuisance or annoyance or conviction for illegal or immoral user.

830. Case 3: neglect of dwelling house.

831. Case 4: ill-treatment of furniture.

832. Case 5: notice to quit by the tenant.

833. Case 6: assignment or subletting of whole premises.

834. Case 8: letting in consequence of employment.

835. Case 9: premises required for landlord or certain relatives.

836. Meaning of 'landlord by purchase' for the purposes of Case 9.

837. Meaning of 'greater hardship' for the purposes of Case 9.

838. Compensation where possession under Cases 8 or 9 obtained by misrepresentation.

839. Case 10: overcharging on subletting.

840. Case 10A: disqualification by immigration status.

841. Meaning of 'the relevant date'.

842. Conditions applicable in certain cases.

843. Case 11: house required as residence for owner-occupier.

844. Case 12: residence acquired for retirement.

845. Case 15: residence required for minister of religion.

846. Case 16: house required for agricultural worker.

847. Case 17: house required for agricultural worker after carrying out of proposed amalgamation.

848. Case 18: house previously occupied by agricultural worker once more required for that purpose.

849. Case 20: lettings by service personnel.

850. Obsolete cases: Cases 13, 14 and 19: out of season letting, houses previously let to students and protected shorthold tenancies.

851. Extended powers of the court.

852. Modification of order or postponement of date for possession.

853. Position of subtenants generally.

854. Effect of order for possession against mesne tenant.

855. Status of subtenant after end of mesne tenancy.

856. Exceptions to rule that mesne tenancy must have been protected.

857. Lawful subtenancy.

858. Furnished subtenancies.

859. Ordinary jurisdiction of the County Court.

860. Special Rent Act jurisdiction of the County Court.

861. Exclusive jurisdiction of the County Court.

862. Court's powers in relation to rectification of rent books.

863. Appeals from the County Court.

15. Restricted Contracts and Protected Shortholds

864. Origin and meaning of 'restricted contract'; phasing out of restricted contracts.

865. Reference of restricted contract to rent tribunal.

866. Jurisdiction of the appropriate tribunal; appeals and judicial review.

867. Registration of rent and its effect.

868. Reconsideration of rent after registration.

869. Cancellation of registration.

870. Restricted contracts entered into before 28 November 1980.

871. Restricted contracts entered into on or after 28 November 1980.

872. Protected shorthold tenancies; in general.

16. Assured and Assured Shorthold Tenancies

873. New protected tenancies restricted to special cases.

874. New restricted contracts limited to transitional cases.

875. Phasing out of special regimes for housing association tenancies.

876. Transfer of existing tenancies from public to private sector.

877. Succession to assured tenancies by certain statutory tenants.

878. Conversion of Housing Act 1980 assured tenancies; no such new tenancies to be created.

879. Meaning of 'assured tenancy'.

880. Sharing with the landlord.

881. Tenant sharing with persons other than the landlord.

882. Tenant sharing with a subtenant.

883. Letting with other land.

884. Letting arranged in discharge of local housing authority's interim duties to house the homeless.

885. Excluded tenancies; in general.

886. Tenancies entered into before 15 January 1989.

887. Tenancies at high rents.

888. Tenancies where rateable value exceeds certain limits.

889. Tenancies at low rents.

890. Business tenancies.

891. Licensed premises.

892. Tenancies of agricultural land.

893. Tenancies of agricultural holdings etc.

894. Lettings to students.

895. Holiday lettings.

896. Resident landlords.

897. Resident landlords; periods of non-occupation by landlord to be disregarded.

898. Deemed fulfilment of landlord's residence condition.

899. New tenancies excluded from resident landlord exemption.

900. Crown tenancies.

901. Local authority tenancies etc.

902. Family intervention tenancies.

903. Accommodation for asylum-seekers.

904. Transitional cases.

905. Meaning of 'assured shorthold tenancy'.

906. Assured shorthold tenancy could not be granted to tenant who was previously an assured tenant.

907. Grant to a tenant who was previously a protected or statutory tenant.

908. Grant to tenant who was previously a protected shorthold tenant.

909. Grant to tenant who was previously an assured shorthold tenant.

910. Statutory presumption that assured tenancy is assured shorthold tenancy.

911. Exclusion of statutory presumption by notice or by provisions of assured tenancy.

912. Tenancies replacing non-shortholds.

913. Assured agricultural occupancies.

914. Other cases where the statutory presumption is excluded.

915. Landlord's duty to provide statement as to terms of tenancy.

916. Demoted assured shorthold tenancies.

917. Assured shorthold tenancies following certain demoted tenancies in England.

918. Assured shorthold tenancies following certain family intervention tenancies in England.

919. Arrangements for securing availability of tenancy deposit schemes.

920. Schemes to be custodial schemes or insurance schemes.

921. Custodial schemes; in general.

922. Applications under custodial schemes on termination of tenancies where the landlord or tenant is absent or unco-operative.

923. Insurance schemes; in general.

924. Insurance schemes: termination of tenancies.

925. Requirements relating to tenancy deposits.

926. Proceedings relating to tenancy deposits.

927. Sanctions for non-compliance with tenancy deposit requirements.

928. Access for repairs.

929. Limited prohibition on assignment etc without consent.

930. Loss of assured tenancy status.

931. Offence of unlawful subletting under an assured tenancy [and a secure contract].

932. Unlawful profit orders following conviction of an offence of unlawful subletting.

933. Unlawful profit orders made on landlord's application.

934. Powers under the Prevention of Social Housing Fraud Act 2013 to require the provision of information.

935. Security of tenure; in general.

936. Demotion because of anti-social behaviour.

937. Statutory periodic tenancy.

938. Terms of the statutory periodic tenancy.

939. Procedure for variation of implied terms.

940. Determination of terms by tribunal.

941. Security of tenure cannot be avoided.

942. Home rights, occupation orders, and transfer of tenancy orders.

943. Protection of tenure of certain rented premises.

944. Meaning of 'tenancy qualifying for protection'; 'tenancy'; and 'rented family residence'.

945. Exclusion of protection.

946. Shared accommodation; in general.

947. Exclusion of protection.

948. Protection of employees occupying under licence or rent-free letting.

949. Exclusion of protection.

950. Limitation on application of protection.

951. Modifications of certain statutory provisions relating to recovery of possession.

952. Protection during short period of training.

953. Representation in proceedings.

954. Succession to assured tenancy in England.

955. Succession to assured periodic tenancy in Wales and in transitional cases in England.

956. Request for transfer of existing tenancy in the social rented sector in England.

957. Power to exclude assured shorthold tenancies from transfer provisions.

958. Grounds on which landlord may refuse request to transfer tenancy in England.

959. Where landlord is intermediate tenant.

960. Reversionary tenancies.

961. Procedure to be followed by rent assessment committees etc.

962. Information as to determination of rents in England.

963. Information as to determination of rents in Wales.

964. Procedure for increasing rent under assured periodic tenancies.

965. Determination of rent by appropriate tribunal; the statutory assumptions.

966. Determination by appropriate tribunal; matters to be considered or disregarded.

967. Effect of determination by appropriate tribunal.

968. Rent increases under periodic assured shorthold tenancies.

969. Reference of excessive rents to appropriate tribunal.

970. Determination by appropriate tribunal.

971. Effect of determination by appropriate tribunal.

972. Termination of appropriate tribunal's functions.

973. Recovery of possession; general principles.

974. Fixed term tenancies.

975. Exceptions under the housing legislation.

976. Notice of proceedings for possession; in general.

977. Additional notice requirements where possession sought on ground of domestic violence.

978. Compensation for misrepresentation or concealment.

979. Fixed term tenancy.

980. Effect of order made in relation to fixed term tenancy.

981. Periodic tenancy.

982. Effect of order made in relation to periodic tenancy.

983. Restriction on order for possession being given in England when the landlord is in breach of a prescribed requirement.

984. Repayment of rent where tenancy of dwelling house in England ends before the end of a period.

985. Recovering abandoned premises in England.

986. Notices given for the purposes of Grounds 1 to 5.

987. Ground 1: landlord was former occupier or requires possession as only or principal home.

988. Ground 2: dwelling house subject to mortgage.

989. Ground 2A: dwelling house in Wales subject to mortgage granted by fully mutual housing association.

990. Ground 3: out of season lets of holiday accommodation.

991. Ground 4: accommodation formerly let to student.

992. Ground 5: accommodation required for minister of religion.

993. Ground 6: redevelopment.

994. Ground 7: death of tenant.

995. Ground 7A: anti-social behaviour.

996. Ground 7B: immigration status.

997. Ground 8: serious arrears of rent.

998. Extended discretion of the court in possession claims.

999. Ground 9: suitable alternative accommodation.

1000. Ground 10: arrears of rent.

1001. Ground 11: persistent delay in paying rent.

1002. Ground 12: breach of obligation.

1003. Ground 13: deterioration of premises.

1004. Ground 14: nuisance or annoyance or immoral or illegal use.

1005. Ground 14ZA: offences connected with riot.

1006. Ground 14A: domestic violence.

1007. Ground 15: ill-treatment of furniture.

1008. Ground 16: letting in consequence of employment.

1009. Ground 17: false statement inducing landlord to grant tenancy.

1010. Circumstances in which replacement tenancies arise.

1011. Nature of replacement tenancies.

1012. Status of possession order and other court orders.

1013. Continuity of tenancies.

1014. Application to joint tenancies and successor landlords.

1015. Jurisdiction of the County Court.

1016. Accelerated possession claim where property is let on an assured shorthold tenancy.

1017. Procedure for opposing accelerated possession claim or seeking postponement of possession.

1018. Judge's powers after considering claim and defence.

1019. Postponement of possession.

1020. Application to set aside or vary accelerated possession order.

17. Long Residential Tenancies at Low Rents

1021. Long residential tenancies at low rents: outline of the 1954 legislation and phasing out.

1022. Jurisdiction and procedure of the court.

1023. Application to the Crown.

1024. Contracting out.

1025. Tenant's duty to give information.

1026. Tenancies protected.

1027. Meaning of 'long tenancy'.

1028. Meaning of 'tenancy at a low rent'.

1029. Meaning of 'the qualifying condition'.

1030. Meaning of 'the landlord'.

1031. Acts of competent landlord binding on other landlords.

1032. Mortgage of reversion.

1033. Meaning of 'the tenant'.

1034. Continuation of protected long tenancy.

1035. Interim continuation pending application.

1036. Reversions.

1037. Termination by the landlord.

1038. Record of state of repair.

1039. Termination by the tenant.

1040. Nature of statutory tenancy.

1041. Settlement of terms other than rent.

1042. Settlement and registration of rent.

1043. Determination of terms by the court.

1044. Terms as to initial repairs.

1045. Landlord's failure to carry out initial repairs.

1046. Tenant's failure to carry out initial repairs.

1047. Payment for accrued tenant's repairs.

1048. Payment in lump sum.

1049. Payment by instalments.

1050. Variation of agreement or determination as to time for making payment.

1051. Default and overpayment.

1052. Possession; in general.

1053. Possession on the ground of redevelopment.

1054. Other grounds for possession.

1055. Landlord's application for possession.

1057. Effect of refusal of order.

1058. Relief for tenant where landlord proceeding to enforce covenants.

1059. Proceedings by superior landlord.

1060. Relief for mesne landlord.

1061. Covenants in superior leases.

1062. Long residential tenancies at low rents; an outline of the 1989 legislation.

1063. Application of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954.

1064. Application to the Crown.

1065. Contracting out.

1066. Agreements as to the grant of new tenancies.

1067. Duty to give information.

1068. The qualifying condition.

1069. Meaning of 'long tenancy'; tenancies granted in continuation of long tenancies.

1070. Meaning of 'low rent'.

1071. Application that tenancy be excluded from protection.

1072. Continuation of long residential tenancies.

1073. Termination of tenancy by the landlord.

1074. Required contents of an effective landlord's notice.

1075. Specified grounds for possession.

1076. Termination of tenancy by the tenant.

1077. Proposal for interim monthly rent after notice terminating long residential tenancy.

1078. Assured periodic tenancy [or periodic standard contract].

1079. Initial rent under an assured periodic tenancy [or periodic standard tenancy] and the other terms of those tenancies.

1080. Reference to the appropriate tribunal; in general.

1081. Determination of disputed terms.

1082. Determination of dispute as to rent.

1083. Power to agree and to vary terms by agreement; withdrawal of reference to committee.

1084. Landlord's application for possession.

1085. Mandatory ground under the Housing Act 1988.

1086. Additional mandatory ground.

1087. Discretionary grounds.

1088. Qualifying condition not fulfilled.

1089. Tenant not ordered to give up possession.

18. Tenancies under the 1985 and 1996 Housing Acts

1090. Meaning of 'secure tenancy'.

1091. Secure tenancies created on or after 15 January 1989.

1092. Periodic tenancy arising on termination of fixed term.

1093. Flexible tenancies.

1094. Meaning of 'old-style secure tenancy' in England.

1095. Grant of secure tenancies in cases of domestic abuse.

1096. 'Long tenancies'.

1097. Introductory tenancies.

1098. Demoted tenancies.

1099. Family intervention tenancies.

1100. Premises occupied in connection with employment.

1101. Land acquired for development.

1102. Accommodation for homeless persons.

1103. Accommodation for asylum-seekers etc.

1104. Temporary accommodation for persons taking up employment.

1105. Short-term arrangements.

1106. Temporary accommodation during works.

1107. Agricultural holdings and farm business tenancies.

1108. Licensed premises.

1109. Student lettings.

1110. Business premises.

1111. Almshouses.

1112. Meaning of 'flexible tenancy'.

1113. Review of decisions relating to flexible tenancies.

1114. Tenant's right to terminate flexible tenancy.

1115. Recovery of possession on expiry of flexible tenancy; conditions to be met.

1116. Review of decision to seek possession.

1117. Review of decisions relating to flexible tenancies.

1118. Assignment in general prohibited.

1119. Assignments by way of exchange.

1120. Grounds for withholding consent to assignment by way of exchange.

1121. Lodgers and subletting.

1122. Offence of unlawful subletting under a secure tenancy.

1123. Unlawful profit orders following conviction of an offence of unlawful subletting.

1124. Unlawful profit orders made on landlord's application.

1125. Consent to subletting.

1126. Assignment or subletting where tenant condition not satisfied.

1127. Right to have repairs carried out.

1128. Tenant's improvements require consent.

1129. Consent to improvements.

1130. Right to compensation for improvements.

1131. Persons qualifying for compensation.

1132. Power to reimburse cost of tenant's improvements.

1133. Rent not to be increased on account of tenant's improvements.

1134. Directions as to service charges by social landlords.

1135. Variation of terms of secure tenancy.

1136. Notice of variation of periodic tenancy.

1137. Right to transfer terms of existing secure tenancy in England.

1138. New secure tenancies in England granted for fixed term only.

1139. Cases where existing lifetime tenants in England must be given an old-style secure tenancy.

1140. Duty to offer new secure tenancy in limited circumstances.

1141. Review of landlord's decision about the length of secure tenancies granted.

1142. Security of tenure; in general.

1143. Demotion because of anti-social behaviour.

1144. Review of English secure tenancies.

1145. Reconsideration of decision not to grant new secure tenancy.

1146. Fixed term tenancy arising on termination of previous fixed term.

1147. Recovery of possession of property at end of fixed term.

1148. Termination of English secure tenancies by tenant.

1149. Persons qualified to succeed a tenant in England.

1150. Persons qualified to succeed a tenant in Wales.

1151. Cases where the tenant is himself a successor.

1152. Succession to a periodic tenancy.

1153. Devolution of term certain on tenant's death.

1154. Fixed term tenancies: recovery of possession on tenant's death.

1155. Background to the legislation regarding introductory tenancies and anti-social behaviour.

1156. Election to operate introductory tenancy regime [in England].

1157. Restriction on term of new introductory tenancies granted in England.

1158. Review of landlord's decision about the length of introductory tenancies granted in England.

1159. Duration of introductory tenancy.

1160. Extension of trial period for introductory tenancy.

1161. Licences.

1162. Introductory tenancies in England that are to become flexible tenancies.

1163. General prohibition on assignment.

1164. Repairs.

1165. Variation of terms.

1166. Provision of information about tenancies and heating charges.

1167. Consultation on matters of housing management.

1168. Persons qualified to succeed the tenant.

1169. Persons qualified to succeed the tenant under an introductory tenancy in England (from a day to be appointed).

1170. Succession to an introductory tenancy.

1171. Meaning of 'demoted tenancy'.

1172. Demoted tenancies in England that are to become flexible tenancies.

1173. Change of landlord.

1174. Right to carry out repairs.

1175. Provision of information.

1176. Succession to demoted tenancy.

1177. Succession to demoted tenancy in England (as from a day to be appointed).

1178. Persons qualified to succeed to demoted tenancy in England (as from a day to be appointed).

1179. Restriction on assignment.

1180. Meaning of 'family intervention tenancy'.

1181. Termination of certain family intervention tenancies.

1182. Jurisdiction of the County Court.

1183. Additional notice requirements where possession is sought on absolute ground for anti-social behaviour.

1184. Absolute ground for possession for anti-social behaviour.

1185. Right to request review of landlord's decision to seek possession on absolute ground for anti-social behaviour.

1186. Review of landlord's decision to seek possession on absolute ground for anti-social behaviour.

1187. General requirements for notice of proceedings for possession, termination or demotion.

1188. Additional notice requirements where possession is sought.

1189. Grounds and orders for possession; in general.

1190. Suitability of accommodation that will be available for the tenant when possession order takes effect.

1191. Extended discretion of the court in certain proceedings for possession.

1192. Ground 1: non-payment of rent or breach of other obligation.

1193. Ground 2: conduct of tenant or other person (non-absolute ground for possession for anti-social behaviour).

1194. Ground 2ZA: offences connected with riot.

1195. Ground 2A: domestic violence.

1196. Ground 3: deterioration in condition of premises.

1197. Ground 4: deterioration in condition of furniture.

1198. Ground 5: tenancy granted pursuant to false statement.

1199. Ground 6: payment of premium on assignment by way of exchange.

1200. Ground 7: misconduct.

1201. Ground 8: occupation while works carried out to premises previously occupied.

1202. Ground 9: overcrowding.

1203. Ground 10: demolition or reconstruction.

1204. Ground 10A: redevelopment schemes.

1205. Approval of redevelopment schemes for purposes of making an order for possession.

1206. Ground 11: occupation in conflict with objects of charity.

1207. Ground 12: premises required for person in landlord's employment.

1208. Ground 13: dwelling house designed for physically disabled person.

1209. Ground 14: dwelling house for occupation by persons whose circumstances make it difficult for them to satisfy need for housing.

1210. Ground 15: dwelling house for occupation by persons with special needs.

1211. Ground 15A: certain cases where dwelling house is in England and accommodation is more extensive than reasonably required.

1212. Ground 16: certain cases where dwelling house is in Wales (or, in certain transitional cases, in England) and accommodation is more extensive than reasonably required.

1213. Proceedings for possession of dwelling house let under introductory tenancy.

1214. Right to request review of decision to seek possession of dwelling house let under introductory tenancy.

1215. Effect of beginning proceedings for possession order to bring introductory tenancy to an end.

1216. Proceedings for possession of dwelling house let under demoted tenancy.

1217. Right to request review of decision to seek possession of dwelling house let under demoted tenancy.

1218. Effect of beginning proceedings for possession order to bring introductory tenancy to an end.

1219. Replacement of certain terminated tenancies.

19. Enfranchisement Etc; Private Sector Houses

1220. Right to enfranchisement or extended lease.

1221. Meaning of 'house' for the purposes of Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967.

1222. Meaning of 'premises'.

1223. Value limits of house and premises; in general.

1224. Adjustment of rateable value.

1225. Value limits where tenancy entered into before 1 April 1990.

1226. Value limits where tenancy entered into on or after 1 April 1990.

1227. Houses where the value exceeds the applicable limit.

1228. Houses where the rent exceeds the applicable limit.

1229. Meanings of 'tenancy' and 'long tenancy' for the purposes of Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967.

1230. Application of Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967 to certain business tenancies.

1231. Tenancies granted by way of renewal; concurrent tenancies.

1232. Tenancies terminable after death, marriage or formation of civil partnership.

1233. Meaning of 'low rent' for the purposes of Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967.

1234. Tenancies granted between end of August 1939 and beginning of April 1963.

1235. House and premises as a whole to be taken into account.

1236. Rent under antecedent long tenancy.

1237. Apportionment of rent.

1238. Tenancies falling within the additional low rent test or of houses where the rent otherwise exceeds the applicable rent limit.

1239. Business tenancies where statutory conditions not fulfilled.

1240. Shared ownership leases.

1241. Leases granted by certain public bodies.

1242. Certain housing association and other leases.

1243. Certain leases in protected areas.

1244. Certain leases for the elderly.

1245. Tenancies where right to enfranchisement arises but there is no right to an extended lease.

1246. Circumstances in which a residence test is still applicable.

1247. Rights where tenant occupies under trust or settlement.

1248. Rights of personal representatives to acquire freehold or right to extended lease.

1249. Rights of members of family succeeding to tenancy on death.

1250. Tenant under tenancy superior to that of qualifying tenant.

1251. Tenants not fulfilling special residence qualifications.

1252. Tenant where house let with other land or premises to which it is ancillary.

1253. Tenant where house comprised in agricultural holding or farm business tenancy.

1254. Tenant whose immediate landlord is charitable housing trust.

1255. Invalidity of agreements excluding or modifying rights under Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967.

1256. Variation or setting aside of certain agreements.

1257. New tenancy on terms approved by the court.

1258. Notice to be given by tenant; in general.

1259. Form and contents of tenant's notice.

1260. Service of notices under Part I of the Leasehold Reform Act 1967.

1261. Cases where tenant's notice is ineffective.

1262. Notice given after previous notice or after tenancy has been extended.

1263. Accrual and devolution of rights and obligations.

1264. Discharge of pre-existing contractual obligations.

1265. Effect of tenant's notice on other notices, acts and proceedings between the parties.

1266. Continuation of tenancy after tenant's claim to enfranchisement or extension of lease.

1267. Notice in reply to tenant's notice desiring freehold or extended lease.

1268. No proceedings before notice in reply, or for two months where no notice given.

1269. Effect of misrepresentation or concealment by the tenant.

1270. The obligation to enfranchise; in general.

1271. Procedural matters relating to right to enfranchisement.

1272. Houses within the lower range of values; in general.

1273. Houses within the higher range of values; in general.

1274. Price payable on enfranchisement of house whose value or rent exceeds the applicable limit, or where tenancy is terminable after death, marriage etc.

1275. Price payable on enfranchisement of house where tenancy created by the grant of a lease in pursuance of the right to buy.

1276. Price payable on enfranchisement of house where lease has been extended.

1277. Purchaser unable or unwilling to purchase at the determined price.

1278. Compensation payable on enfranchisement of house in certain special cases.

1279. Compensation for postponement of termination in connection with ineffective claims.

1280. Compensation for postponement of termination where change in immediate reversion.

1281. Conveyance free of incumbrances.

1282. Purchaser deemed to be purchaser for valuable consideration.

1283. Covenant for title and implied clauses.

1284. Effect of conveyance with regard to rights of support, light, air etc.

1285. Provision in conveyance as to rights of way.

1286. Provision in conveyance as to restrictive covenants.

1287. Reservation by certain landlords of future right to develop.

1288. Reservation of right of pre-emption in new town etc.

1289. Operation and enforcement of covenants regarding reservation of future right to develop or right of pre-emption.

1290. Acknowledgment as regards documents.

1291. Exoneration from or apportionment of rentcharge.

1292. Discharge from rentcharge to extent necessary to secure that annual charges do not exceed annual rent.

1293. Discharge of mortgages etc on landlord's estate.

1294. Application of purchase money.

1295. Payment into court in cases of difficulty.

1296. Enfranchisement where landlord cannot be found or his identity ascertained.

1297. Costs relating to enfranchisement.

1298. Landlord's lien as vendor.

1299. Application of price or compensation received by landlord.

1300. The obligation to grant an extended lease; in general.

1301. Procedural matters concerning the right to acquire a new lease.

1302. Costs to be borne by tenant.

1303. Tender of sums due to landlord as a condition of grant of new tenancy.

1304. Landlord's covenant as to title.

1305. New tenancy on same terms as existing tenancy.

1306. Reservation of right to resume possession for redevelopment.

1307. Provisions as to sub-demise.

1308. Reservation of future right to develop.

1309. Reservation of right of pre-emption.

1310. Rent payable under the new tenancy.

1311. Back-dated payment in respect of rent.

1312. Charges on landlord's estate.

1313. Charges on existing tenancy.

1314. Exclusion of certain further rights after extension.

1315. Effect of statement that tenancy has been extended.

1316. Application for possession for redevelopment after extension of the tenancy.

1317. Application for possession for redevelopment before extension of the tenancy.

1318. Retention or resumption of land required for public purposes.

1319. Application for possession for the purpose of residence.

1320. Making of court order on the landlord's application to exercise overriding residential rights.

1321. Effect upon tenant's notice of landlord's application to exercise overriding residential rights.

1322. Determination of tenancy and date of payment of compensation.

1323. Amount of compensation payable to tenant by virtue of order for possession.

1324. Payment and application of compensation under order for possession.

1325. Determination of subtenancies.

1326. Effect of application for possession on business tenancies.

1327. Costs in the event of delay or default by landlord or tenant.

1328. Lack of good faith, misrepresentation or concealment in connection with application for possession.

1329. Retention of management powers for general benefit of neighbourhood.

1330. Approved schemes of management for general benefit of neighbourhood.

1331. Registration and enforcement of scheme of management for general benefit of neighbourhood.

1332. Variation of existing schemes of management for general benefit of neighbourhood.

1333. Estate management schemes under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993 ('flat leases').

1334. Charges under estate management schemes.

1335. Mortgagee in possession of landlord's interest.

1336. Person to act where landlord is custodian trustee or lacks capacity.

1337. Ecclesiastical landlords.

1338. No right to acquire freehold of National Trust property.

1339. No right to freehold of property transferred for public benefit etc.

1341. Entitlement of subtenants to claim enfranchisement or extension of lease.

1342. Claims to enfranchisement or extension by subtenant.

1343. Tenancies reversionary on tenant's tenancy.

1344. Meaning of 'the reversioner'.

1345. Reversioner's authority.

1346. Procedure where one of the other landlords cannot be found or his identity ascertained.

1347. Reversioner's protection.

1348. Matters relating to title and price in which other landlords may act.

1349. Landlords' duty to assist the reversioner.

1350. Conveyance giving effect to obligation to enfranchise.

1351. Separate price payable for each interest.

1352. Rentcharges and mortgages on the landlord's estate.

1353. Identity of grantor of new lease.

1354. Identity of grantor; special cases.

1355. Rent, service charges and other matters.

1356. Jurisdiction of the County Court under provisions relating to enfranchisement or extension.

1357. Jurisdiction of tribunals in relation to enfranchisement or extension; in general.

1358. Jurisdiction of tribunals in relation to enfranchisement etc of Crown land.

20. Enfranchisement Etc; Private Sector Flats

1359. Tenants' rights under the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993.

1360. Powers of trustees in relation to tenants' rights.

1361. Application of the 1993 Act provisions to Crown land.

1362. Effect of 1993 Act provisions on National Trust property.

1363. Effect of 1993 Act provisions on property within cathedral precinct.

1364. Agreements invalidated by statute.

1365. Court's powers to set aside or vary agreements and to exclude or modify tenant's statutory rights.

1366. Power to prescribe procedure for enfranchisement etc.

1367. Notices under Part I of the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993.

1368. Enforcement of obligations under Part I of the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993.

1369. Registration of notices, applications and orders.

1370. Term dates and other matters relating to periodical tenancies.

1371. Mortgagee in possession of landlord's interest.

1372. Landlord's interest vested in custodian trustee.

1373. Landlord lacking capacity.

1374. Landlord's interest held in trust.

1375. Landlord's interest subject to a settlement.

1376. University or college landlords.

1377. Ecclesiastical landlords.

1378. The right to collective enfranchisement.

1379. Acquisition of leasehold interests.

1380. Premises to which the right to collective enfranchisement applies.

1381. Premises excluded from right to collective enfranchisement.

1382. Meaning of 'premises with a resident landlord'.

1383. Meaning of 'qualifying tenant'.

1384. Meaning of 'long lease' for the purposes of the right to collective enfranchisement.

1385. The reversioner and other relevant landlords; in general.

1386. Freeholder to be reversioner where premises have one freeholder.

1387. Replacement of freeholder by other relevant landlord where premises have one freeholder.

1388. Initial reversioner where premises have multiple freeholders.

1389. Change of reversioner where premises have multiple freeholders.

1390. Acts of reversioner binding on other landlords.

1391. Other landlords acting independently.

1392. Obligations of other landlords to reversioner.

1393. Right of qualifying tenant to obtain information about superior interests etc.

1394. Effect of notice requiring information about superior interests etc.

1395. Right of qualifying tenant to obtain information about other matters.

1396. Means of conducting tenants' proceedings for collective enfranchisement.

1397. Participating tenants; in general.

1398. Assignee of lease.

1399. Death of participating tenant.

1400. Assignee or personal representatives as participating tenant.

1401. Effect of notification by assignee, person electing to participate or personal representatives.

1402. Appointment of the nominee purchaser.

1403. Termination of nominee purchaser's appointment.

1404. Retirement of the nominee purchaser.

1405. Death of person constituting the nominee purchaser.

1406. Effect of notice following resignation or death of nominee purchaser.

1407. RTE companies; in general.

1408. Notice by qualifying tenants of claim to exercise right to collective enfranchisement.

1409. Contents of the initial notice.

1410. Effect of initial notice.

1411. Inaccuracies or misdescription in initial notice.

1412. Effect on initial notice of tenant's lack of qualification to participate.

1413. Prior notice by tenant terminating lease.

1414. Prior notice by landlord terminating lease.

1415. Orders for possession and pending proceedings for forfeiture etc.

1416. Institution of compulsory purchase procedures.

1417. Notice terminating lease given by tenant or landlord during currency of claim.

1418. Initial notice operates to prevent termination of tenant's lease by other means.

1419. Restriction on proceedings to enforce right of re-entry or forfeiture.

1420. Restrictions on, and effect of, certain elections by tenants.

1421. Qualifying tenants to give copies of initial notice to relevant landlords.

1422. Recipient of initial notice or copy to give further copies.

1423. Consequences of failure to comply with procedure for giving copies of initial notice.

1424. Rights of access in connection with claim to collective enfranchisement.

1425. Duty of nominee purchaser to disclose existence of agreements affecting specified premises etc.

1426. Effect of initial notice as respects subsequent transactions by freeholder etc.

1427. Suspension of existing contracts.

1428. Right of reversioner to require evidence of tenant's right to participate.

1429. Timing and contents of reversioner's counter-notice.

1430. Information to accompany counter-notice.

1431. Continuing duty to furnish information.

1432. Duty of other landlords to furnish copies to reversioner.

1433. Proceedings relating to validity of initial notice.

1434. Tenants' claim to be defeated in certain cases where landlord intends to redevelop.

1435. Applications where terms in dispute or contract not entered into.

1436. Applications where reversioner fails to give counter-notice or further counter-notice.

1437. Applications where relevant landlord cannot be found.

1438. Execution of conveyance in favour of nominee purchaser.

1439. The appropriate sum to be paid into court in the case of a vesting order.

1440. Effect of payment of appropriate sum into court.

1441. Vesting orders where relevant landlord cannot be found.

1442. Withdrawal from acquisition by participating tenants.

1443. Deemed withdrawal of initial notice.

1444. Effect on initial notice or subsequent contract of institution of compulsory acquisition procedures.

1445. Effect on initial notice of designation for inheritance tax purposes and applications for designation.

1446. Price payable by nominee purchaser; in general.

1447. Price payable for freehold of specified premises.

1448. Value of freeholder's interest.

1449. Freeholder's share of marriage value.

1450. Compensation for loss resulting from enfranchisement.

1451. Price payable for freehold of part of specified premises.

1452. Price payable for intermediate leasehold interests.

1453. Value of intermediate leasehold interests.

1454. Compensation for loss on acquisition of interest.

1455. Owners of intermediate interests entitled to part of marriage value.

1456. Price payable for other interests.

1457. Value of other interests.

1458. Marriage value.

1459. Compensation for loss on acquisition of interest.

1460. Valuation of freehold and intermediate leasehold interests.

1461. Calculation of marriage value.

1462. Apportionment of marriage value.

1463. Adjustment of compensation.

1464. Valuation of freehold and leasehold interests.

1465. Calculation of marriage value.

1466. Apportionment of marriage value.

1467. Adjustment of compensation.

1468. Costs of enfranchisement; in general.

1469. Contract and title.

1470. Conveyance to nominee purchaser; in general.

1471. Contents of conveyance; in general.

1472. Provisions in conveyance as to rights of support, passage of water etc.

1473. Provisions in conveyance as to rights of way.

1474. Provisions in conveyance as to restrictive covenants.

1475. Discharge of existing mortgages on transfer to nominee purchaser.

1476. Duty of nominee purchaser to redeem mortgages.

1477. Determination of amounts due in respect of mortgages.

1478. Payments into court.

1479. Nominee purchaser's duty to grant lease back to former freeholder which is social landlord and in certain other cases.

1480. Flats etc let under secure tenancies [or secure contracts] or introductory tenancies.

1481. Flats etc let by housing associations under tenancies other than secure tenancies.

1482. Provisions as to terms of lease granted under provisions for mandatory leaseback.

1483. Flats without qualifying tenants and other units.

1484. Flat etc occupied by resident landlord.

1485. Provisions as to terms of lease granted after freeholder's notice.

1486. Terms of lease granted to freeholder; in general.

1487. Provisions in lease as to rights of support, passage of water etc.

1488. Provisions in lease as to rights of way and common use of premises and facilities.

1489. Provisions in lease as to covenants etc.

1490. Disapplication of provisions relating to disposals by local authorities etc.

1491. Provisions relating to secure and introductory tenants following leaseback.

1492. Compensation for postponement of termination in connection with ineffective claims.

1493. Compensation where there has been change in the immediate reversion.

1494. Right of qualifying tenant of flat to acquire new lease.

1495. Meaning of 'the landlord'.

1496. Acts of competent landlord binding on other landlords.

1497. Other landlords acting independently.

1498. Obligations of other landlords to competent landlord.

1499. Right of qualifying tenant to obtain information about superior interests etc.

1500. Notice by qualifying tenant of claim to exercise right to acquire new lease.

1501. Tenant to give copies of notice claiming to exercise right to acquire new lease.

1502. Recipient of tenant's notice or copy to give further copies.

1503. Consequences of failure to give copies of tenant's notice etc.

1504. Validity of notice; court's power to amend notice.

1505. Prior notice by tenant terminating lease.

1506. Prior notice by landlord terminating lease.

1507. Orders for possession and pending proceedings for forfeiture etc.

1508. Notice terminating lease given by tenant or landlord during currency of claim.

1509. Tenant's notice operates to prevent termination of lease.

1510. Restriction on proceedings to enforce right of re-entry or forfeiture.

1511. Effect on tenant's notice of application for relief against proceedings to enforce covenants.

1512. Assignability of rights and obligations arising from tenant's notice.

1513. Access by landlords for valuation purposes.

1514. Deposit and tenant's title.

1515. Landlord's counter-notice.

1516. Proceedings relating to validity of tenant's notice claiming right to acquire new lease.

1517. Application to defeat tenant's claim where landlord intends to redevelop.

1518. Applications where terms in dispute or there has been failure to enter into new lease.

1519. Applications where landlord fails to give counter-notice or further counter-notice.

1520. Applications where landlord etc cannot be found.

1521. Vesting orders.

1522. Withdrawal by tenant from acquisition of new lease.

1523. Deemed withdrawal of tenant's notice.

1524. Suspension of tenant's notice during claim for collective enfranchisement.

1525. Effect on tenant's notice of institution of compulsory acquisition procedures.

1526. Obligation to grant new lease.

1527. Deducing title, preparation of lease and completion.

1528. Premium payable by tenant.

1529. Diminution in value of landlord's interest.

1530. Landlord's share of marriage value.

1531. Compensation for loss arising out of grant of new lease.

1532. Amount payable to owner of intermediate interest.

1533. Diminution in value of intermediate interest.

1534. Value of intermediate interests.

1535. Compensation for loss arising out of grant of new lease.

1536. Owners of intermediate interests entitled to part of marriage value.

1537. Terms of new lease; in general.

1538. Terms of new lease relating to provision of services etc.

1539. Terms of new lease: covenants for title.

1540. Grant of new lease after term date of existing lease.

1541. Matters to be excluded from the new lease.

1542. Changes to existing lease by agreement or to modify defects.

1543. Position of third parties to existing lease or to collateral agreement.

1544. Grant of new lease where interest of landlord or tenant is subject to a mortgage; in general.

1545. Priority of interests on grant of new lease.

1546. Further renewal, but no security of tenure, after grant of new lease.

1547. Costs incurred in connection with new lease to be paid by tenant.

1548. Landlord's right to terminate; in general.

1549. Date when compensation payable to tenant.

1550. Termination of subleases.

1551. Amount of compensation for loss of flat.

1552. Application of compensation; deductions.

1553. Unreasonable delay or default etc by landlord or tenant.

1554. Treatment of compensation for loss of flat.

1555. Compensation for postponement of termination in connection with ineffective claims.

1556. Compensation where there has been a change in the immediate reversion.

1557. Meaning of 'estate management scheme'.

1558. Contents of estate management scheme.

1559. Approval by tribunal of estate management scheme.

1560. Applications by two or more landlords, or by representative bodies, for approval of estate management scheme.

1561. Applications for approval of estate management scheme after expiry of two-year period.

1562. Applications by certain public bodies for approval of estate management scheme after expiry of two-year period.

1563. Effect of application for approval of estate management scheme on claim to acquire freehold.

1564. Charges under estate management schemes.

1565. Jurisdiction of the County Court under Part I of the Leasehold Reform, Housing and Urban Development Act 1993.

1566. Jurisdiction of tribunals with regard to enfranchisement etc.

21. Tenancies of Flats; other Collective Rights

1567. Right of first refusal on disposals by landlord.

1568. Application of right of first refusal to contracts.

1569. Premises to which the right of first refusal applies.

1570. Landlords to whose premises the right of first refusal applies.

1571. Meaning of 'qualifying tenant'.

1572. The requisite majority of qualifying tenants.

1573. Meaning of 'relevant disposal'.

1574. Notices under the Landlord and Tenant Act 1987.

1575. Landlord required to serve offer notice on tenants.

1576. Notice requirements in case of contract to be completed by conveyance etc.

1577. Notice requirements in case of sale by auction.

1578. Notice requirements in case of grant of option or right of pre-emption.

1579. Notice requirements in case of conveyance not preceded by contract etc.

1580. Notice where disposal for non-monetary consideration.

1581. Acceptance of landlord's offer; in general.

1582. Failure to accept landlord's offer or to make nomination.

1583. Landlord's obligations in case of acceptance and nomination.

1584. General provisions relating to landlord's obligation.

1585. Election in case of sale at auction.

1586. Election in case of disposal for non-monetary consideration.

1587. Disposal in pursuance of option or right of pre-emption.

1588. Covenant etc affecting landlord's power to dispose.

1589. Notice of withdrawal by nominated person.

1590. Notice of withdrawal by landlord.

1591. Lapse of landlord's offer.

1592. Circumstances in which tenants' rights enforceable against purchaser.

1593. Right to information as to terms of disposal etc.

1594. Right of qualifying tenants to take benefit of contract.

1595. Right of qualifying tenants to compel sale etc by purchaser.

1596. Discharge of mortgages etc and duty of nominated person to redeem them.

1597. Payments into court on account of consideration payable.

1598. Right of qualifying tenants to compel grant of new tenancy by superior landlord.

1599. Determination of questions by the appropriate tribunal.

1600. Withdrawal of nominated person from transaction.

1601. Right of qualifying tenants against subsequent purchaser.

1602. Termination of rights against purchasers or subsequent purchasers.

1603. Notices served by prospective purchasers to ensure that rights of first refusal do not arise.

1604. Enforcement of obligations.

1605. Offence of failure to comply with statutory requirements.

1606. Right to apply for acquisition order and premises to which that right applies.

1607. Meaning of 'qualifying tenant'.

1608. Preliminary notice by tenants.

1609. Applications for acquisition orders.

1610. Conditions for making acquisition orders.

1611. Content of acquisition orders.

1612. Determination of terms, including price, by the appropriate tribunal.

1613. Discharge of existing mortgages.

1614. Duty of nominated person to redeem mortgages.

1615. Payments into court.

1616. Acquisition order where landlord cannot be found.

1617. Discharge of acquisition order; withdrawal by tenants.

22. Rent Review

1618. Types of rent review clause.

1619. Effect of rent review for the purposes of the charge to stamp duty land tax.

1620. Review date, valuation date and payment date.

1621. Whether time of the essence in rent review clauses.

1622. Time made expressly of the essence in rent review clauses.

1623. Time made of the essence by implication in rent review clauses.

1624. Notice making time of the essence in rent review clauses.

1625. Effect of delay in regard to time being of the essence in rent review clauses.

1626. Trigger notices in rent review clauses.

1627. Counter-notices in rent review clauses.

1628. Agreement between the parties in rent review clauses.

1629. Defective method as to valuation of property in rent review clauses.

1630. Valuation criteria in rent review clauses; in general.

1631. Defining the rental value in rent review clauses.

1632. The hypothetical parties in rent review clauses.

1633. The hypothetical property in rent review clauses.

1634. Tenant's improvements in rent review clauses.

1635. Vacant possession in rent review clauses.

1636. Duration of the hypothetical tenancy in rent review clauses.

1637. Terms of the hypothetical tenancy in rent review clauses.

1638. Other assumptions and disregards about value in rent review clauses.

1639. Planning considerations in rent review clauses.

1640. Experts and arbitrators in rent reviews.

1641. Points of law in rent review disputes.

1642. Procedural matters in rent review arbitrations.

1643. Appeals against arbitration awards.

1644. Other challenges to arbitration awards.

23. Occupation Contracts in Wales

1645. The Renting Homes (Wales) Act 2016.

1646. Tenancies and licences that are occupation contracts: in general.

1647. Tenancies and licences which are occupation contracts by reason of notice.

1648. Tenancies and licences which are not occupation contracts unless notice is given.

1649. Tenancies and licences which are never occupation contracts.

1650. Implied tenancies and licences: trespassers.

1651. Tenancies and licences to which special rules apply.

1652. Occupation contract made with community landlord.

1653. Occupation contract adopted by community landlord.

1654. Determining the length of term of fixed term standard contracts.

1655. Introductory standard contracts.

1656. The introductory period.

1657. Introductory standard contract becoming secure contract after introductory period.

1658. Contract made with or adopted by private landlord.

1659. Abolition of assured, secure and other tenancies.

1660. Meaning of 'converted contract'.

1661. Conversion of tenancies and licences to occupation contracts.

1662. Payments and deposits.

1663. Fundamental provisions and fundamental terms.

1664. Supplementary provisions and supplementary terms.

1665. Key matters and additional terms.

1666. Model contracts.

1667. When terms become enforceable.

1668. Matters requiring the consent of the landlord.

1669. Forfeiture and notices to quit of no effect.

1670. Requirement for written statement of contract.

1671. Failure to provide written statement of contract.

1672. Incomplete statement of contract.

1673. Incorrect statement of contract.

1674. Provision of information about landlord.

1675. Compensation for failures relating to provision of written statements.

1676. Forms of security.

1677. Deposit schemes.

1678. Joint contract-holders.

1679. Withdrawal of joint contract-holders.

1680. Joint landlords.

1681. Right to occupy without interference.

1682. Anti-social behaviour and other prohibited conduct.

1683. Dealing with the occupation contract.

1684. Sub-occupation contract is not a transfer.

1685. End of the head contract.

1686. Possession claim against contract-holder, and extended possession claim against sub-holder.

1687. Exclusion of contract-holder after abandoning contracts.

1688. Transfer of occupation contracts and rights.

1689. Succession to the contract on the death of the contract-holder.

1690. Landlord's obligations as to fitness for habitation and repair.

1691. Specific performance of repairing covenants in occupation contracts.

1692. Waste and tenant-like user.

1693. Variation of secure contracts.

1694. Allowing lodgers.

1695. Transfer of secure contract to potential successor.

1696. Prohibited conduct standard contracts.

1697. Transfer to another secure contract-holder under the same community landlord.

1698. Exclusion of contract-holder from dwelling for specified periods.

1699. Variation of periodic standard contracts.

1700. Exclusion of contract-holder from dwelling for specified periods.

1701. Variation of fixed term standard contracts.

1702. Transfer of fixed term standard contracts.

1703. Supported standard contracts.

1704. Basic rules as to termination of occupation contracts.

1705. Early termination by contract-holder.

1706. Termination by agreement.

1707. Repudiatory breach by landlord.

1708. Death of sole contract-holder.

1709. Death of landlord where occupation contract is a licence.

1710. Termination for breach of contract by contract-holder.

1711. Termination of occupation contract on estate management grounds.

1712. Termination of secure contract on contract-holder's notice.

1713. Termination of periodic standard contract on contract-holder's notice.

1714. Termination of periodic standard contract by landlord's notice.

1715. Restriction on landlord issuing further notice to terminate periodic standard contract.

1716. Restriction on landlord issuing notice to terminate periodic standard contract after retaliatory possession claim.

1717. Recovery of possession and termination of periodic standard contract on surrender of possession.

1718. Termination of periodic standard contract by landlord for serious rent arrears.

1719. Termination of periodic standard contract which was formerly fixed term.

1720. End of the fixed term.

1721. Termination of certain contracts by landlord's notice.

1722. Termination of fixed term standard contract by landlord for serious rent arrears.

1723. Termination of fixed term standard contract by contract-holder's break clause.

1724. Termination of fixed term standard contract by landlord's break clause.

1725. Restriction on landlord issuing notice to terminate fixed term standard contract after retaliatory possession claim.

1726. Recovery of possession and termination of fixed term periodic contract on surrender of possession.

1727. In general.

1728. Abandoned dwellings.

1729. Retaliatory possession claims.

1730. Exclusion by the landlord for non-occupation.

1731. Exclusion by another joint contract-holder for non-occupation.

1732. Exclusion by landlord for prohibited conduct.

24. Protection of Business Tenancies

1733. The protection and the legislation.

1734. Forms of notice.

1735. Service of notices etc.

1736. Duties of tenants and landlords to give information to each other; in general.

1737. Duties to give information in transfer cases.

1738. Tenancies to which the statutory protection applies.

1739. Meaning of 'business'.

1740. Tenancies excluded.

1741. Restrictions on contracting out.

1742. Permitted contracting out; agreements authorised before 1 June 2004.

1743. Permitted contracting out since 1 June 2004; agreements made before the tenancy is entered into.

1744. Permitted contracting out by surrendering a tenancy.

1745. Continuation of tenancies.

1746. Reversions.

1747. Meaning of 'the landlord'.

1748. Landlord's notice to terminate business tenancy.

1749. Special rules for certain long tenancies.

1750. Tenant's request for a new tenancy.

1751. Tenant's notice terminating a term certain or its continuation.

1752. Suspension of forfeiture provisions due to coronavirus.

1753. Right to apply for an order for grant of a new tenancy.

1754. Time limits on applications.

1755. Jurisdiction with regard to business tenancies.

1756. Procedure for bringing landlord and tenant claims; in general.

1757. Precedence of claim forms where there is more than one application to the court for a new tenancy or for the termination of a tenancy.

1758. Contents of the claim form in landlord and tenant claims.

1759. Acknowledgment of service in unopposed landlord and tenant claims.

1760. Acknowledgment of service and defence in opposed landlord and tenant claims.

1761. Evidence and preliminary issues in landlord and tenant claims; amendment of statements of case.

1762. Order as to costs in landlord and tenant claims.

1763. Interim continuation pending determination by the court.

1764. Landlord's or tenant's application for determination of interim rent.

1765. Procedure on application for determination of interim rent.

1766. Amount of interim rent where new tenancy of whole premises granted and landlord not opposed.

1767. Amount of interim rent in any other case.

1768. Landlord's application for order terminating tenancy without grant of new tenancy.

1769. Grounds of opposition; in general.

1770. Disrepair.

1771. Persistent delay in paying rent.

1772. Other substantial breaches of covenant or any other reason connected with use or management of the holding.

1773. Alternative accommodation.

1774. Subtenancy; landlord desiring to relet the premises as a whole.

1775. Intended demolition, reconstruction or substantial work of construction.

1776. Intention to demolish or reconstruct or to carry out substantial work of construction.

1777. What constitutes demolition or reconstruction or substantial construction; need for possession.

1778. Demolition or reconstruction of part of holding.

1779. Landlord's intention to occupy holding.

1780. The 'five-year rule'.

1781. Refusal of new tenancy.

1782. Determination of terms.

1783. Property comprised in new tenancy.

1784. Length of term.

1785. Commencement of new tenancy.

1786. Other terms excluding rent.

1787. Rent under the new tenancy.

1788. Determination of amount of rent under the new tenancy.

1789. Assessment of rent under the new tenancy; special valuation provisions.

1790. Execution of lease or agreement.

1791. Revocation; continuance of current tenancy.

1792. Compensation cases.

1793. Amount of compensation where no domestic property included.

1794. Amount of compensation where domestic property included.

1795. Compensation for possession obtained by a misrepresentation.

1796. Provisions as to mesne and superior landlords.

1797. Business tenancies held on trust.

1798. Reversion to business tenancy held on trust.

1799. Business tenancy held by partnership.

1800. Business tenancy held by member of a group of companies.

1801. Reversion held by member of the same group.

1802. Tenancies held by the Crown and government departments.

1803. Modification to use or occupation of property on grounds of public interest.

1804. Termination of use or occupation of property on grounds of national security.

1805. Termination of tenancy required in public interest for proper operation of statutory undertaking.

1806. Premises needed for industrial development etc.

1807. Compensation.

1808. Former exclusion; phasing in of protection.

1809. Rent of licensed premises.

1810. Business tenancies subject to compulsory rights order.

1811. Order for new tenancy when compulsory rights order applies.

1812. Compensation where grant of new tenancy refused.

1813. Service personnel entitled to security of tenure of business and professional premises.

1814. Application for grant of new tenancy.

1815. Continuation of expiring tenancy.

1816. Court's discretionary power to grant new tenancy.

1817. Grounds for refusal.

1818. Terms of a new tenancy.

1819. Provisions as to reversions.

1820. Appeals.

1821. The legislation conferring the right to compensation for improvements.

1822. Contracting out.

1823. Premises to which the right of compensation for improvements under Part I of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927 applies.

1824. Premises excluded under Part I of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927.

1825. Improvements to which right to compensation applies.

1826. Nature of the right to compensation under Part I of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1927.

1827. Provisions applying to mesne landlords.

1828. Notice of proposed improvement.

1829. Landlord's objection; tribunal's power to certify proper improvements.

1830. Conditions precedent to right to compensation.

1831. Certificate of execution.

1832. Claim for compensation.

1833. Amount of compensation.

1834. Payment of compensation.

1835. Ecclesiastical and charity land.

1836. Limited owners and trustees.

1837. Increased rates or premiums; in general.

1838. Jurisdiction and procedure.

25. Agricultural Tenancies and Tenancies of Agricultural Houses

1839. Protection of tenancies of agricultural holdings.

1840. Protection of farm business tenancies; in general.

1841. The Rent (Agriculture) Act 1976; outline of the legislation and phasing out.

1842. Restriction on new agricultural occupancies.

1843. Meanings of 'agriculture' and 'forestry'.

1844. Tenant sharing accommodation with persons other than landlord.

1845. Certain sublettings not to exclude any part of sublessor's premises from protection.

1846. Service of notices on landlord's agents.

1847. Jurisdiction and procedure.

1848. Meaning of 'relevant licence' and 'relevant tenancy'; qualifying ownership.

1849. Meaning of 'qualifying worker'.

1850. Forestry workers.

1851. Protected occupiers in their own right.

1852. Protected occupiers by succession.

1853. Statutory tenancies; in general.

1854. No statutory tenancy where landlord's interest belongs to the Crown or to a local authority etc.

1855. Succession to statutory tenancy where relevant death occurred on or before 15 January 1989.

1856. Succession to statutory tenancy where relevant death occurs after 15 January 1989.

1857. Terms of the statutory tenancy; in general.

1858. Terms as to tenant's obligations in statutory tenancy.

1859. Terms as to access in statutory tenancy.

1860. Notice to quit served on landlord in statutory tenancy.

1861. Water rates etc in statutory tenancy.

1862. Variation of statutory tenancy.

1863. Avoidance of requirements for advance payment of rent.

1864. Recovery from landlord of sums paid in excess of recoverable rent.

1865. Rent under statutory tenancies; in general.

1866. Agreed rents in statutory tenancies.

1867. Provisional rents in statutory tenancies.

1868. Application for registration of rent in statutory tenancies.

1869. Registered rents in statutory tenancies.

1870. Notice of increase in statutory tenancies.

1871. Rectification of rent books in statutory tenancies.

1872. Grounds for possession in protected occupancies or statutory tenancies.

1873. Effect of determination of superior tenancy etc in protected occupancies or statutory tenancies.

1874. Exceptions to right to possession under the housing legislation.

1875. Discretion of court in giving possession.

1876. Case I: alternative accommodation not provided or arranged by housing authority.

1877. Case II: alternative accommodation provided or arranged by housing authority.

1878. Case III: non-payment of rent or breach of lawful obligation.

1879. Case IV: nuisance or annoyance etc.

1880. Case V: deterioration in condition of premises.

1881. Case VI: deterioration in condition of furniture.

1882. Case VII: contract for sale following notice to quit.

1883. Case VIII: unlawful assignment etc.

1884. Case IX: dwelling house required by landlord as residence.

1885. Case X: subletting.

1886. Case XI: dwelling house previously occupied as residence.

1887. Case XII: owner's retirement from regular employment.

1888. Case XIII: overcrowding.

1889. Meaning of 'assured agricultural occupancy'.

1890. The agricultural worker condition.

1891. Security of tenure in assured agricultural occupancies.

1892. Modification of statutory provisions relating to assured tenancies; in general.

1893. Recovery of possession in regard to assured agricultural occupancies.

1894. Applications to housing authority concerned.

1895. Duty of housing authority concerned.

1896. Information about housing accommodation.

1897. Kinds of housing information obtainable.

1898. Circumstances in which condition attached to planning permission is suspended.

1899. Notice requirements irrespective of date of creation of the tenancy.

1900. Court's general discretionary power to postpone or suspend possession order.

1901. Circumstances in which suspension of possession order is mandatory.

26. Mobile Homes

1902. Meaning of 'mobile home'.

1903. Scope of the Mobile Homes (Wales) Act 2013.

1904. Duty of site owners to give written statements.

1905. Successors in title.

1906. Jurisdiction of a tribunal or the court.

1907. Power to prescribe minimum standards.

1908. Terms of the agreement.

1909. Mobile home agreements in Wales generally.

1910. Particulars of mobile home agreements in Wales.

1911. Terms of mobile home agreements in Wales.

1912. Site rules in Wales.

1913. Successors in title in Wales.

1914. Duration of agreement; termination by occupier or owner.

1915. Sale or gift of mobile home and assignment of agreement.

1916. Resiting of mobile home.

1917. Quiet enjoyment of the mobile home; owner's rights of entry to pitch.

1918. Pitch fee.

1919. Occupier's obligations.

1920. Owner's obligations.

1921. Duration of agreement; termination by occupier or owner.

1922. Quiet enjoyment of the mobile home; owner's rights of entry to pitch.

1923. Owner's obligations.

1924. Duration of agreement; termination by occupier or owner.

1925. Resiting of mobile home.

1926. Quiet enjoyment of the mobile home; owner's rights of entry to pitch.

1927. Pitch fee.

1928. Occupier's obligations.

1929. Owner's obligations.

1930. Power to imply terms.

1931. Power to amend implied terms.

1932. Application of protective provisions.

1933. Minimum length of notice.

1934. Protection of occupiers against eviction and harassment, false information, etc.

1935. Provision for suspension of eviction orders.

1936. Application of Part 3 of the Mobile Homes (Wales) Act 2013.

1937. Minimum length of notice.

1938. Protection of occupiers against eviction and harassment, false imprisonment, etc.

1939. Provision for suspension of eviction orders.

27. Issues related to Coronavirus.