55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

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55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

| Commentary

Competition law loosely divides agreements into two broad categories: horizontal agreements and vertical agreements.

‘Horizontal agreements’ are those entered into between parties who are usually competitors, or at any rate who are active (for the purposes of the agreement in question) at

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(1) INTRODUCTION

56 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—the ‘de minimis’ notice (agreements that do not have an appreciable effect on competition or trade between member states)

55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

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(1) INTRODUCTION

56 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—the ‘de minimis’ notice (agreements that do not have an appreciable effect on competition or trade between member states)

57 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—exemption—positive benefits

58 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—block exemption regulations

59 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—vertical block exemption

60 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—vertical block exemption regulation—the hardcore restrictions

61 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—vertical block exemption regulation—guidelines on vertical restraints

62.1 European Commission guidelines

62.2 Business-to-business cases

63 Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

64.1 Mergers with a ‘Community dimension’

64.2 Merger control cases

65 Articles 34–36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—quantitative restrictions on imports and exports

66 The Competition Act 1988 and the Enterprise Act 2002

67 De minimis United Kingdom competition law

68 Competition Act 1998 (Vertical Agreements Block Exemption) Order 2022

69 Competition and Markets Authority vertical guidance

70 Commercial agency agreements

71 Mergers

72 The Digital Markets Unit

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55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

55 Article 101 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union—horizontal agreements and vertical agreements

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