Introduction The revised International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Rules of Arbitration entered into force on 1 June 2026 (the ‘2026 Rules’). They replaced the Rules of Arbitration that had entered into force on 1 January 2021 (the ‘2021 Rules’). Since the adoption of the first ICC Rules of Arbitration in 1922, the Rules have undergone successive revisions—notably in 1955, 1975, 1988, 1998, 2012, 2017 and 2021—each aimed at adapting the ICC framework to the evolving demands of international commerce, increasingly complex disputes, and changing arbitration practices. Consistent with previous revisions, the 2026 Rules seek both to codify practices that have emerged through the experience of the ICC Court and arbitral tribunals and to respond to the evolving needs of arbitration users. While the 2026 Rules do not fundamentally alter the structure of ICC arbitration, they introduce a number of targeted amendments aimed at enhancing procedural efficiency, transparency, and flexibility. In particular, the revisions refine several procedural mechanisms that had previously developed in practice or through ICC guidance, including in relation to arbitrator