A private radio service installed and operated by businesses and public sector organisations to provide mobile communications for their own workforces. A base station is installed by each organisation on a suitable site providing local coverage, and used to send or receive short messages concerning the business of the organisation to, from or between, mobile units.

Family analysis: This was an appeal by a father against a decision refusing his application for costs in relation to three hearings. The first-instance judge had refused to make an order for costs for any of the hearings, but on appeal, Mrs Justice Arbuthnot held, inter alia, that while in relation to the mother’s 2015 application to relocate the children, no costs award should be made because the judge at that hearing had made ‘no order for costs’ and that decision could not be re-opened, that the first-instance judge had been wrong to refuse to make an award of costs in respect of the fact-finding hearing and therefore the mother should pay £37,000 of the father’s costs in relation to that hearing. In relation to the welfare hearing, Arbuthnot J found that the first-instance judge had been correct to make no order for costs. This judgment provides useful guidance on when exactly costs orders should be made in private children cases. Jessica O’Driscoll-Breen, barrister at QEB, considers the approach.

This Practice Note explains about the principle, in relation to certain private law applications made under the Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989), that the child's welfare must be the court's paramount consideration. It sets out when the paramountcy principle should be applied and also the type of applications to which it does not apply. The paramountcy principle When any court determines any question with respect to: • the upbringing of the child, or • the administration of the child's property or the application of any income arising from it the child's welfare shall be the court's paramount consideration unless expressly or impliedly excluded by statute. The court has to treat the child's welfare as its paramount consideration, not its 'first and paramount consideration', as was the case under the previous provisions. It was not, however, intended to lead to a change of practice. The paramountcy principle is regarded as reflecting the previous well-established position summarised in a leading case as: 'A process whereby, when all the relevant facts, relationships, claims and wishes of parents, risks,

Point-to-point circuits for customers exclusive use covering speech, data or image communications.

What is private international law? The branch of English law known as private international law (PIL) (or the conflict of laws, in contradistinction to both the ordinary local or domestic law of England and public international law) is concerned with cases having a foreign element. By a 'foreign element' is meant a connection with some system of law other than English law. The conflict of laws rules are part of the domestic laws of a particular jurisdiction and can differ from one jurisdiction to another. When events or transactions involving civil and commercial matters are not confined within the borders of a single country, the domestic legal systems of the different countries involved may have substantive laws that govern the subject matter of the legal dispute in very different ways. PIL rules allow for some necessary adjustment between these different substantive laws. English PIL consists of the rules that an English court applies in deciding a matter with a foreign element. Depending on the characterisation of the cause of action and the

This guide, written in partnership with Dr Leonard Shaefer, a name-processing expert with Onomastic Resources LLC, explains the elements of Hispanic names. The aim of this guide and others in the series is to enhance the lawyer-client relationship by improving the lawyer’s understanding of how names work in the client’s culture, as well as helping manage risk. The guide is part of a series exploring the challenges that names from different cultures can present. Other guides include: Russian names, Korean names and Islamic names What's the issue? Cultural competency is increasingly vital to business and social interaction. Lawyers are likely to interact with judges, co-counsel and clients who have surnames that are unfamiliar to them. You might have no idea how to correctly pronounce their last (or first) names. However, getting names right is particularly important for private client advisers, who often deal with important and wealthy clients in person. Inadvertently misspelling or mispronouncing the name of such a client can have dire consequences for the lawyer-client relationship. An improved understanding of the way names

This guide, written in partnership with Dr Leonard Shaefer, a name-processing expert with Onomastic Resources LLC, explains the elements of Islamic names. The aim of this guide and others in the series is to enhance the lawyer-client relationship by improving the lawyer’s understanding of how names work in the client’s culture, as well as helping manage risk. The guide is part of a series exploring the challenges that names from different cultures can present. Other guides include: Russian names, Korean names, Hispanic names. What's the issue? Cultural competency is increasingly vital to business and social interaction. Lawyers are likely to interact with judges, co-counsel and clients who have surnames that are unfamiliar to them. You might have no idea how to correctly pronounce their last (or first) names. However, getting names right is particularly important for private client advisers, who often deal with important and wealthy clients in person. Inadvertently misspelling or mispronouncing the name of such a client can have dire consequences for the lawyer-client relationship. An improved understanding of the way names

This guide, written in partnership with Dr Leonard Shaefer, a name-processing expert with Onomastic Resources LLC, explains the elements of Korean names. The aim of this guide and others in the series is to enhance the lawyer-client relationship by improving the lawyer’s understanding of how names work in the client’s culture, as well as helping manage risk. The guide is part of a series exploring the challenges that names from different cultures can present. Other guides include: Russian names, Islamic names and Hispanic names. What's the issue? Cultural competency is increasingly vital to business and social interaction. Lawyers are likely to interact with judges, co-counsel and clients who have surnames that are unfamiliar to them. You might have no idea how to correctly pronounce their last (or first) names. However, getting names right is particularly important for private client advisers, who often deal with important and wealthy clients in person. Inadvertently misspelling or mispronouncing the name of such a client can have dire consequences for the lawyer-client relationship. An improved understanding of the way names

This guide written in partnership with Dr Leonard Shaefer, a name-processing expert with Onomastic Resources LLC, explains the elements of Russian names and how they are written in romanised script. The aim of this guide and others in the series is to enhance the lawyer-client relationship by improving the lawyer’s understanding of how names work in the client’s culture, as well as helping manage risk. The guide is part of a series exploring the challenges that names from different cultures can present. Other guides include: Islamic names, Korean names and Hispanic names. What's the issue? Cultural competency is increasingly vital to business and social interaction. Lawyers are likely to interact with judges, co-counsel and clients who have surnames that are unfamiliar to you. You might have no idea how to correctly pronounce their last (or first) names. However, getting names right is particularly important for private client advisers, who often deal with important and wealthy clients in person. Inadvertently misspelling or mispronouncing the name of such a client can have dire consequences for

This Practice Note is a past-looking tracker that records the progress of UK legislation (including Acts and Statutory Instruments in force) and it will also record other significant past looking events, such as published judgments of the Supreme Court, High Court and Court of Appeal, closed consultations, calls for evidence and inquiries. For Private Client-related developments tracked previously, see: Tax—Finance Act 2025 tracker—progress through Parliament [Archived] and Tax—Finance Act 2024 and Finance (No 2) Act 2024 tracker—progress through Parliament [Archived]. This Practice Note is intended to work alongside the Practice Note: Private Client—horizon scanner, which tracks the progress of future developments including Bills, Statutory Instruments, appeals, open consultations, calls for evidence and inquiries. Once a development is no longer forward-looking, it is moved into this Practice Note. Legislation Statutory instruments in force Statutory instruments in force When? What’s the impact? Find out more Inheritance tax thresholds fixed at their current levels. In force until April 2031 Section 69 of the Finance Act 2026 (FA 2026) freezes inheritance tax (IHT) thresholds until 2030–31, retaining the £325,000

MLex: Private companies, including IP right holders, could obtain ‘trusted flagger’ status according to draft European Commission guidance issued under the Digital Services Act (DSA), potentially broadening access to one of the EU’s key online-content enforcement tools. The draft says national regulators should apply heightened scrutiny to commercial applicants, and should assess safeguards around their independence and objectivity.

This Practice Note summarises the main features of a private company limited by shares. It also covers key differences with public companies limited by shares, and why a private company limited by shares might be chosen as a preferred business vehicle instead of another form of UK company. What is a private company limited by shares? A private company limited by shares is a legal entity which is separate and distinct from its members. It is owned by its members who hold shares in the company. It is managed by its directors in line with the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006) and the company’s governing constitutional document, otherwise known as the articles of association. The company is a very commonly used business vehicle. There are over five million registered limited companies on the Companies House public register, over 95% of which are private companies limited by shares. The other types of UK company available under the CA 2006 are: • public companies limited by shares—see Practice Note: Public companies limited by shares