The Migration Observatory has published a briefing which examines research on how immigration affects government finances in the UK. The briefing sets out key points including the influence of migrants’ characteristics—such as age, skills, and earnings—on public finances. Groups like families with children often require higher earnings to ensure a net positive fiscal contribution due to increased health and education costs. Estimates of migrants’ fiscal impacts vary significantly based on analytical methods, but studies generally find these impacts represent less than 1% of GDP. It is also noted that recently arrived migrants tend to have a more favourable fiscal effect compared to long-term residents. The Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecasts suggest that increased net migration can reduce deficits and debt, as migrants are typically of working age. Furthermore, the fiscal impact of migration differs by immigration rout, eg restricting skilled work migration is expected to negatively affect public finances, while limiting family migration for care workers could yield positive outcomes.