This Practice Note considers force majeure as it applies in English law and the circumstances in which a force majeure event may cause a contract to come to an end, including burden of proof, interpretation of force majeure clauses (operative verb), procedural requirements and challenging the validity of a force majeure clause. See also Practice Notes: • Force majeure clause analysis—a practical guide • Force majeure—key and illustrative decisions For assistance when giving notice of a force majeure event, see Precedent: Force majeure notice. Force majeure clauses were thrust under the microscope in light of ‘world events’, such as the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The 2026 Middle East conflict will likely give rise to more disputes involving force majeure issues, on which see: Force majeure and world events below. Force majeure—meaning and nature The key features of force majeure are: • a 'force majeure clause' is a contractual term providing for one (or both) parties to be excused from performance on the happening of a specified event