ARCHIVED: This Practice Note is archived and is no longer maintained. On 20 December 2017, the European Commission proposed an overhaul of the prudential regime for investment firms in the European Union, with the intention of creating a framework that was more proportionate and risk-sensitive. Under the new measures, which are set out in the Investment Firms Regulation (EU) 2019/2033 (EU IFR) and the Investment Firms Directive (EU) 2019/2034 (EU IFD), most EU investment firms are subject to simpler prudential rules than they previously were, while large, systemic firms that carry out bank-like activities and pose similar risks as banks are regulated and supervised in the same way as banks. This timeline outlines the key developments relating to the EU IFR and the EU IFD. Under the previous regime, investment firms in the EU, like banks, were subject to the prudential framework set out in the Capital Requirements Directive 2013/36/EU (EU CRD IV) and the Capital Requirements Regulation (EU) 575/2013 (EU CRR). Depending on their size and the services they