The Investigatory Powers Commissioner’s Office (IPCO) has published the report of an investigation, led by Deputy Investigatory Powers Commissioner, Sir John Goldring, at the Prime Minister’s direction, into how MI5 came to provide false evidence to the High Court and the Investigatory Powers Tribunal regarding the status of ‘Agent X’ as a Covert Human Intelligence Source. The report found serious individual and systemic failings within MI5, including failures to obtain authorisation to depart from its Neither Confirm Nor Deny policy, missed opportunities to correct false evidence, flawed responses to IPCO and the courts, and failures to comply with duties of candour and statutory disclosure obligations. It concluded that these failings misled the High Court, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal, the Investigatory Powers Commissioner and Special Advocates. Home Secretary, Shabana Mahmood, told Parliament that the report has been submitted to the Prime Minister and the courts, which will determine any further judicial action, and announced measures to strengthen oversight of MI5, including enhanced accountability of the Director General, greater independent challenge of internal reform programmes, and improved scrutiny of MI5’s litigation practices and legal processes. The statement also noted that MI5 has begun implementing reforms to address the failings identified, while IPCO said it will continue to monitor progress through its inspection programme.