In the sale of property, the date the buyer pays the purchase price and in return the seller gives the keys of the property and transfers legal ownership to the buyer.

Date on which an EU act takes effect which is the date specified in it or, in the absence of such date, the twentieth day following that of its official publication or notification, as the case may be.

Entry of judgment describes the formal recording of a court’s judgment in the court record, making it effective, enforceable and capable of appeal. It usually follows the court’s pronouncement of its decision and is often linked to the court seal or official approval of an order.In England and Wales and Northern Ireland, the Civil Procedure Rules and associated practice directions govern when judgment is entered (for example, default judgment, summary judgment or judgment after trial). Time limits for appeal, enforcement and interest commonly run from the date of entry of judgment.In Scotland, the closest concepts are extract decree or extract interlocutor, when the judgment (decree) is formally issued and becomes enforceable. In Ireland, the Rules of the Superior Courts and Circuit Court Rules regulate entry of judgment, including the Central Office’s role in entering and perfecting orders.Across the UK and Ireland, “entry of judgment” is primarily a procedural expression rather than a standalone statutory definition. It is crucial for determining when a judgment becomes final for enforcement, registration, limitation, insolvency and credit-record purposes.

CASE HUB ARCHIVED–this archived case hub reflects the position at the date of the re-adopted decision of 16 June 2017; it is no longer maintained. See further, timeline and commentary. NOTE–appeal lodged against original decision by Printeos and Tompla in Case T- 95/15; that appeal led to the re-adopted decision adopted on 16/06/2017. Case facts ARCHIVE 16/06/2017 Outline European Commission Article 101 TFEU investigation into a cartel in the market for paper envelopes (AT.39780). Latest development On 16 June 2017, the Commission re-adopted a decision against Printeos and Tompla, following the annulment of the original decision by the General Court. A fine of €4.729m has been re-adopted (unchanged from the original fine). This decision addresses the procedural error identified by the General Court. Parties • Bong, based in Sweden• GPV, based in France• Hameline, based in France• Mayer-Kuvert, based in Germany•Tompla, based in Spain, owned by Printeos During the period of the infringement, the GPV group and Mayer-Kuvert were separate undertakings but following the conclusion of the infringement, the GPV group went into liquidation and some of its assets,

In its 2025 Annual Report Envestors provides an analysis of the Innovator Founder visa route to date, focusing on its outcomes, impact, and strategic implications for UK immigration and business policy. The report is based on Envestors’ role as a Migration Business Endorsing Body (MBEB), contracted by the Home Office to assess and endorse applicants under this visa category. The report includes Innovator Founder visa data on application trends, sector engagement, settlement outcomes, business performance and future policy opportunities. It draws on data from 1,201 endorsement applications processed between April 2023 and March 2025, alongside survey responses from 142 active visa holders, and settlement data from 26 successful applicants. The report considers the Innovator Founder visa to be a key mechanism for attracting global entrepreneurial talent to the UK, particularly in technology-led sectors.

The environment includes all or any of the following media;  air, water and land and any living organisms (including humans) or ecosystems supported by those media.

The Welsh Government introduced the Environment (Wales) Bill (E(W) Bill) on 11 May 2015. The Environment (Wales) Act 2016 (E(W)A 2016) received Royal Assent on 21 March 2016. E(W)A 2016 contains a certain amount of house-keeping on the environment in Wales such as re-setting statutory targets for reducing emissions and carbon budgets and clarifying the law for other environmental regulatory regimes including flood risk management and land drainage. These provisions are not covered by this Practice Note. In this analysis, attention is primarily given to E(W)A 2016, Part 1, which contains provisions aiming to protect and ensure the goods and services generated by ecosystems and to guarantee the sustainable management of natural resources in Wales. As such, and following on from the creation of an integrated agency for the environment in Wales (Natural Resources Wales—NRW) it constituted something of a re-purposing of environmental law in Wales. This Practice Note also considers provisions in E(W)A 2016 on the management

Environment analysis: This News Analysis considers some of the key cases from 2024 for environment lawyers including: R (on the application of Friends of the Earth Ltd) v Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [2024] EWHC 2707 (Admin); Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v Switzerland (App. No. 53600/20), [2024] ECHR 304; Milieudefensie et al v Royal Dutch Shell plc., Hague Court of Appeal, 12 November, Case No. 200.302.332/01; R (on the application of Rights Community Action Ltd) v Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities [2024] EWHC 1693 (Admin); GDFC Assets Ltd v Heaney [2024] UKUT 345 (AAC); R (on the application of Finch on behalf of the Weald Action Group) v Surrey County Council [2024] UKSC 20; Friends of the Earth Ltd v Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities; South Lakeland Action on Climate Change - Towards Transition v Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities [2024] EWHC 2349 (Admin), [2024] All ER (D) 35 (Sep); R v (Fighting Dirty Ltd) v Environment Agency & Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs [2024] EWHC 2029; and Manchester Ship Canal Company Ltd v United Utilities Water Ltd No 2 [2024] UKSC 22, [2024] All ER (D) 10 (Jul).

For offences under Environment Act 1995 (EA 1995) the Environment Agency and Natural Resources Wales may apply a range of criminal sanctions or civil sanctions. Obstruction of an officer It is an offence for a person to intentionally assault, hinder or obstruct an authorised person in the exercise or performance of their powers or duties. Where the powers or duties relate to those of a person authorised by the Environment Agency or the Natural Resources Wales in respect of a water or sewage undertaker, or a water supply or sewage licensee, then any offence committed under EA 1995, s 110(1) is punishable on summary conviction by way of an unlimited fine and/or imprisonment for a term not exceeding the general limit in a magistrates’ court, and on conviction on indictment, by way of an unlimited fine or a maximum of two years’ imprisonment or both. See Practice Note: Sentences imposed following conviction—General limits on magistrates’ courts powers to impose custodial sentences following conviction. Where this type of offence is committed by a body corporate with the

Background The Environment Act 2021 (EA 2021) received Royal Assent on 9 November 2021. Originally introduced into Parliament in October 2019, the Environment Bill 2019–21 had to be reintroduced into Parliament in January 2020 following the December 2019 General Election. For more information on the development of EA 2021, see Practice Note: Environment Act 2021—developments [Archived]. EA 2021, Part 1, Chapter 1 (ss 1–21) relates to environmental governance and includes provisions relating to environmental targets, environmental improvement plans, environmental monitoring, a policy statement on environmental principles and statements and reports relating to environmental protection. For more information on EA 2021 more generally, see Practice Note: Environment Act 2021—snapshot. Environmental targets EA 2021, s 1 provides a power for the Secretary of State to set long-term targets (of at least 15 years) in England and Wales in respect of any matter that relates to the natural environment or people's enjoyment of the natural environment. The Secretary of State cannot however make any provision which, if contained in an Act of Senedd Cymru,

ARCHIVED: This Practice Note has been archived and is not maintained. Context As a result of the 23 June 2016 UK referendum on membership of the EU, which voted with a 52% majority voting in favour of the UK leaving the EU, government published the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (EU(W)A 2018). EU(W)A 2018 makes a range of legislative provisions in connection with the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, to provide a functioning statute book on the day the UK leaves the EU. As a general rule, the same rules and laws applied after exit day (11 pm on 31 January 2020) as before, until the implementation period completion date. For more on this, see Practice Note: Brexit legislation tracker [Archived]—Brexit SIs—commencement. From the point of its exit from the EU, the UK's relationship with the EU is governed by the Withdrawal Agreement, an international treaty negotiated by the UK and the EU during the withdrawal period, which aimed to: • tie up the administrative and financial loose ends associated with the UK's membership of the EU

Title Environment Act 2021 Key date Royal Assent: 9 November 2021 Subject Environmental principles, governance, regulation, air pollution, waste and plastics, biodiversity, water and resource planning Context The Environment Act 2021 (EA 2021) received Royal Assent on 9 November 2021. Several of its substantive provisions were in force effective 9 January 2022, while others have taken and continue to take effect pursuant to secondary legislation made by the Secretary of State, the Welsh Ministers, the Scottish Ministers or, as the case may be, the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs in Northern Ireland: • the Environment Act 2021 (Commencement No 1) Regulations 2021, SI 2021/1274, bring into force certain provisions under EA 2021, Part 1 effective 17 November 2021 • the Environment Act 2021 (Commencement No 2 and Saving Provision) Regulations 2022, SI 2022/48, bring into force certain additional provisions under EA 2021, Parts 1 and 3–7 effective 24 January 2022, 1 April 2022, 1 May 2022 and 30 September 2022 • the Environment Act 2021 (Commencement No 3) Regulations 2022, SI 2022/518, bring into force additional provisions