A decision is a one of the legal instruments of the Union and is defined as being legally binding in its entirety, but if addressed to a specific person only binding upon its addressee.

MLex: US paper companies have begun to pull out of EU contracts, according to Mark Pitts, the executive director of government and industry affairs at the American Forest & Paper Association, a US paper lobby. The European Commission continues to meet with trade partners amid rising industry concerns about Regulation (EU) 2023/1115 (the EU’s Deforestation Regulation (EUDR))

MLex: In 2026, the EU Digital Fairness Act (DFA), an initiative designed to strengthen consumer protections in the digital landscape, is set to be proposed by the European Commission. Building on the findings of the latest Digital Fitness Check, the EU DFA will address issues such as dark patterns, addictive design, influencer marketing, unfair practices, and possibly online subscriptions. The scope may even expand to include dynamic pricing, MLex understands, after extensive evidence-gathering during 2025, with the first proposal expected no earlier than early 2026.

This tracks and summarises completed EU enforcement actions relating to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). For information and background regarding the DMA through the ordinary legislative procedure, see further: EU Digital Markets Act—progress tracker. For all ongoing EU enforcement actions

This tracks and summarises ongoing EU enforcement actions relating to the EU’s Digital Markets Act (DMA). For information and background regarding the DMA through the ordinary legislative procedure, see further: EU Digital Markets

Only undertakings designated as ‘gatekeepers’ in respect of one or more core platform services fall within the scope of

This Practice Note tracks all developments in relation to Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 September 2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (the Digital Markets Act—DMA). The Practice Note tracked the DMA through the ordinary legislative procedure before entering into force in 2022. It now tracks all notable developments regarding the DMA’s implementation and enforcement. Background In a mission letter dated 1 December 2019, Dr Ursula von der Leyen assigned Executive Vice President Margrethe Vestager‘ the task of ensuring that ‘competition policy and rules are fit for the modern economy’ and to ‘strengthening competition enforcement in all sectors’. Based on the outcome of expert reports and an E-commerce Sector Inquiry, the Commission launched a consultation in June 2020 on an Inception Impact Assessment about a New Competition Tool. The Digital Services Act package On 15 December 2020, the Commission published its Digital Services Act package which proposes two pieces of legislation, namely:

MLex: EU Digital Networks Act (DNA) reforms are under pressure as six Member States urge the European Commission to drop plans for a harmonised telecoms regulation and instead propose a directive, which would give individual countries more leeway in enforcement, according to a joint paper seen by MLex, while Ireland has issued its own warning that the consolidation logic underpinning the Draghi report risks harming competition and smaller operators.

EU law analysis: Robert Klotz and Maira Aivalioti of Steptoe LLP in Brussels discuss the two consultations launched by the European Commission on 6 June 2025, about the Digital Networks Act (DNA), and on 17 June 2025, about the Recommendation on relevant markets for ex ante regulation. These two consultations present a critical opportunity for all stakeholders to influence the future of Europe's digital communication infrastructure and services, and for anyone doing business in these markets.

This tracker tracks the progress of the European Commission’s proposals for a Digital Omnibus, published on 19 November 2025. Background The simplification agenda The Commission adopted its 2025 Work Programme outlining key initiatives for the year ahead on 12 February 2025, including several measures to simplify existing regulatory regimes. The 2025 Work Programme built upon the longer-term framework established by the Competitiveness Compass, as published in January 2025. Alongside the 2025 Work Programme, the Commission published a Communication on Simplification and Implementation, which set out how the Commission plans to make implementation of EU rules easier in practice, and provides further detail on the Commission’s plans to simplify a number of EU legislative measures. As explained in the Communication on Simplification, one of the Commission’s key targets for the next five years is to reduce administrative costs (including reporting costs) by at least 25% for all companies, and by at least 35% for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The simplification agenda is designed to substantially deliver on these targets. As a matter of priority, the Commission is trying to tackle what it deems as overlapping, unnecessary,

DORA SCHEDULE 1 Definitions and interpretation 1.1 The following capitalised terms used in this Schedule have the following meanings: [Appointed Auditors • means: (a) the Customer or any Customer Group entity that is in receipt of the Services; (b) the Customer's independent external auditors; (c) any other competent person appointed by the Customer as may be necessary in order to comply with applicable laws and regulations; and/or (d) any Regulatory Body or any other person appointed by such Regulatory Body;] Business Data • means any data which the Supplier (or any Subcontractor) receives, processes or otherwise has access to in connection with the Services, which is not Personal Data; Customer Data • means Personal Data and Business Data; Data Protection Provisions • means the data protection [terms ] [schedule ] [addendum] of this Agreement entered into between the parties relating to the processing of Personal Data by the Supplier through the provision of the Services under this Agreement pursuant to applicable data protection laws; DORA • means Regulation (EU) 2022/2554 on digital operational resilience for the EU financial sector, together with the associated regulatory technical standards and implementing technical

This Practice Note tracks the enforcement cases related to Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (EU Digital Services Act or EU DSA). Background In December 2019, in her political guidelines, the President of the Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, committed to implement a new EU DSA to upgrade liability and safety rules for digital platforms, services and products. It is intended that the EU DSA will amend the E-Commerce Directive and would have, by comparison, an extended scope, including facilities such as internet service providers, content delivery networks, search engines, blockchains and cloud services. The E-Commerce Directive liability exemptions are likely to be maintained as a principle, but will be clarified and codified in line with other more recently adopted secondary legislation (such as Directive (EU) 2019/790, the DSM Copyright Directive). Concepts of active and passive hosting are to be reevaluated against concepts that reflect the idea of editorial functions, actual knowledge and degree of control. A public consultation took place in 2020 which sought