The part of a satellite system that includes the satellite itself, the receiving earth station and the signal transmitted from the satellite to earth stations.

The ‘downstream’ segment of the oil and gas industry is loosely comprised of the processing/refining of petroleum (crude oil) and the processing and purifying of raw natural gas and condensates into marketable products the selling and distribution of natural gas and oil based products.

Describes the relative positions of different players, or their products, in the supply of broadband. The most 'upstream' provider is the one that sells the most basic product (for example copper or fibre access). Players who are 'downstream' of this are those that buy this basic product, add their own elements (for example their own electronic equipment to the end of copper links). These are often called wholesale providers. Further 'downstream' still are players who buy these 'wholesale' products, add their own branding, billing and customer services, and sell them on to customers. In practice, one company may do all three stages above, either explicitly or implicitly (for example Virgin Media or BT).

Mlex: The UK Treasury is investigating dozens of suspected breaches of Russian oil sanctions put in place following the invasion of Ukraine more than two years ago. This follows concerns that businesses are circumventing measures designed to dampen Russia’s oil profits.

The Payment Systems Regulator (PSR) has announced the appointment of Dr Ruth Wandhöfer as chair of the PSR Panel from 1 December 2020. She succeeds Stephen Locke, independent adviser.

Ireland—Dispute Resolution analysis: This article, was written by Elaine Healy, Lorna Kennedy and Siobhan Lane of Dillon Eustace LLP.

IT IS ORDERED that: 1 Allocation 1.1 Allocation to Multi-Track This Claim is allocated to the multi-track. and 1.2 Allocation to Management Track This claim is allocated to the following management track: 1.2.1 Case management by Master and trial by Judge 1.2.2 Case management and trial by Judge (full docketing) 1.2.3 Case management and trial by Master 1.2.4 Case Management by Judge and Master and trial by Judge. 2 Alternative dispute resolution This Claim be stayed until [date] for the parties to try to settle the dispute by alternative dispute resolution or other means. The parties shall notify the Court in writing at the end of that period whether settlement has been reached. The parties shall at the same time lodge either: 2.1 (if a settlement has been reached) a draft consent Order signed by all parties; or 2.2 (if no settlement has been reached) 2.2.1 a Statement of agreed directions signed by all parties or (in the absence of agreed directions) Statements of the parties' respective proposed directions; 2.2.2 the parties' Disclosure Reports; and 2.2.3 the parties' Costs Budgets. The parties

Property analysis: The Commonhold and Leasehold Reform Bill was published on 27 January 2026. Its stated purpose: to bring the feudal leasehold system to an end by reforming and reinvigorating commonhold tenure and banning the use of leasehold tenure for most new flats. Written by Alexandra Selka, Jasmine Sherr, Rachel Katz, Victoria Duxbury, Alexandra Holloway and Harriet Raff of BCLP.

EU Law analysis: Dan Cooper, Partner, Lisa Peets, Partner, and Sam Jungyun Choi, Associate, of Covington & Burling LLP, consider the delegated and implementing acts the European Commission proposed in accordance with the EU Digital Services Act. They also consider the process the acts will go through during their adoption, among other things.

The European Commission has published a draft implementing decision on the equivalence of the legal and supervisory framework applicable to benchmarks in Japan under the Benchmarks Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 (BMR). The draft decision recognises Japan’s framework as equivalent to the corresponding requirements under the BMR, and finds that the relevant requirements are subject to effective supervision and enforcement on an ongoing basis. Feedback on the draft decision is sought by 4 May 2020.

HMRC has published draft Finance Bill legislation on furnished holiday lettings, Pillar 2 and VAT for private schools.

The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) has confirmed the designation of the National Policy Statement (NPS) for Nuclear Energy Generation (EN-7), providing the primary planning framework for decisions on development consent for nuclear infrastructure in England and Wales. The statement will guide the Secretary of State’s decision-making under the Planning Act 2008 and ensure consistency across the planning and regulatory regimes governing nuclear fission projects. EN-7 complements the overarching energy NPS (EN-1) and supports delivery of the government’s commitment to deploy new nuclear capacity to achieve net zero by 2050.The government’s consultation outcome report (November 2025) confirms that stakeholders broadly supported EN-7’s scope and criteria, and that no material amendments were required to the draft text. It also sets out the government’s next steps for implementation and associated guidance.