An investment strategy the objective of which is a given level of long-term return rather than a return relative to a benchmark, index or inflation measure.

How much an investment rises or falls.

where no GHG emissions can be attributed to an organisation across any of its activities, or scopes

A judgment in favour of the person against whom a court action is raised.

Quantity of energy imparted by radiation'>ionising radiation to unit mass of matter such as tissue. Unit Gray, symbol Gy. 1 Gy = 1 joule per kilogram.

The abstract for a patent must include a concise summary of what is in the patent specification.

An abstract of title is a conveyancing summary of the deeds and events that make up a seller’s chain of title, identifying ownership and all burdens (such as mortgages/charges, easements/servitudes and restrictive covenants/real burdens). It is used chiefly for unregistered land to enable the buyer’s solicitor to investigate title and raise requisitions. The abstract lists relevant instruments by date and parties, and summarises recitals, operative provisions and plans, noting registrations and discharges.The term is a practice expression rather than a statutory definition. In England and Wales it commonly evidences a good root of title (typically at least 15 years) under standard conveyancing practice; modern practice often prefers an epitome of title (a schedule with copies of deeds) but “abstract” is still used generically. In Northern Ireland and Ireland, usage is similar for Registry of Deeds titles, with the required period set by contract and local practice. For registered land in England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Ireland, official copies of the Land Registry title and plan generally replace an abstract.In Scotland, “abstract of title” is not the usual term. The nearest equivalent for Sasine titles was a progress of titles supported by searches (now Legal Reports). For registered titles, the Registers of Scotland title sheet and copy deeds serve the function.

An abstract of trust is a concise written summary of the key terms of a trust, prepared for disclosure to third parties (for example, a buyer’s solicitor, lender or Land Registry) without revealing the full trust deed. It typically sets out the names of the trustees and (where appropriate) beneficiaries, the date of the trust, the powers of the trustees relevant to the transaction, and any restrictions affecting dealings with trust property.In practice, an abstract of trust is used in conveyancing, banking and private client work to evidence a trustee’s authority to sell, mortgage or otherwise deal with land or other assets, while preserving confidentiality over detailed beneficial interests. It is a descriptive expression rather than a term generally defined in legislation or case law, and its content is driven by the requirements of the particular transaction.Usage across England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland is broadly consistent, though Scottish practitioners may instead refer to a summary of trust provisions in missives or title examination. In all jurisdictions, care is required to ensure the abstract is accurate, up to date and sufficient to satisfy due diligence and anti‑money laundering checks.

The Abu Dhabi International Arbitration Centre (arbitrateAD) has announced the appointment of Maria Mazzawi as its new Registrar, effective 17 February 2025. In her role, Mazzawi will oversee the arbitrateAD’s Case Management Office, supporting its increasing caseload and strengthening its position as a leading arbitration hub.

Arbitration analysis: On 20 December 2023, the Abu Dhabi Chamber of Commerce (ADCC) announced the imminent closure of the Abu Dhabi Commercial Conciliation and Arbitration Centre (ADCCAC), which previously served as its dispute resolution arm. Returning to the drawing board, ADCC made a bold and admirable move to launch a new institution, the Abu Dhabi International Arbitration Centre (arbitrateAD), on 1 February 2024. The launch was accompanied by new arbitration rules (the arbitrateAD Rules) and model arbitration clauses. With a vision to become a global leader in efficient international dispute settlement, and with Abu Dhabi’s economy, the second largest in the GCC after Saudi Arabia, expected to grow this year by around 5%, the move signals a welcome aspiration for global reach which Abu Dhabi is certainly ready for. By Antonia Birt, Laura Adams and Avinash Poorooye.

Private Client analysis: The case of Battenburg v Phillips examines whether it is an abuse of process for a litigant to pursue a probate claim in the English Courts when the relevant issues have already been settled in a different jurisdiction. In a world where high net worth individuals have wealth which is increasingly spread across jurisdictions, the facts of this case, judgment and practical implications are important for both contentious and non-contentious practitioners. Written by Adam Carvalho (legal director) and Olivia O’Neil (trainee solicitor) at Myerson Solicitors LLP.

Exclusionary or exploitative conduct by a dominant 'undertaking' which may harm the policy objectives of EU and/or UK competition law.