Construction projects often by their nature can be affected by volatile economic conditions or events which impact the price and availability of the products, materials and labour necessary to carry out the works. This, in turn, can lead to delay or disruption, and cost overruns can be frequent, particularly on larger projects. For example, among the challenges faced by the UK construction industry in 2021 were shortages and soaring costs of key goods and materials, which adversely impacted productivity in several sectors. Increases in the global demand for construction products in the aftermath of the worst effects of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020 which had a detrimental effect on manufacturing capacity throughout the world, combined with lowered distribution capacity and other conditions impacted supply chains at every point, leading to price rises, prolonged lead times and unavailability. Among the materials affected were timber, steel, cement, roof tiles, paints and electrical components. In 2022, these challenges were further exacerbated by the outbreak of war between Ukraine and Russia, which had the twin effect of