University College London

This Practice Note outlines variable monetary penalties (VMP), a type of civil sanction, under the Regulatory Enforcement and Sanctions Act 2008 (RESA 2008), which can be used instead of prosecution. This Practice Note considers the standard of proof required before imposing a VMP, whether any maximum VMP cap applies, how VMPs are calculated, the procedure for imposing a VMPs, such as service of a notice of intent, the recipient’s right to make representations and objections, use of third party undertakings, final notice, appeals, relief against criminal conviction, enforcement costs recovery notices and information on what the income from VMPs is used for.

This Practice Note details the appeals process against civil sanctions or notices following environmental enforcement in England, Wales and Scotland in the First-tier Tribunal (Environment). It deals with what can be appealed, fast tracking stop notice appeals, procedure before the hearing, the hearing itself, the decision and appealing the decision.

This Practice Note considers insurable interest, including insurable interest in construction and liability insurance. It also considers insurable interest in subrogation, co-insurance and double insurance and the Insurable Interest Bill.