This Practice Note considers controls and regulatory issues protecting wildlife, habitats and landscapes in Scotland, and their potential impact and effect for developers and landowners. It explores the legal and regulatory context over protected sites including special areas of conservation (SACs) special protection areas (SPAs), sites of special scientific interest (SSSIs), Ramsar sites, marine protected areas (MPAs), national scenic areas (NSAs) and wild land areas (WLAs). It discusses which species, plants, hedges and trees are protected and those considered invasive non-native species (INNS). It considers engineering works in the water environment and the various agencies responsible for regulating controlled activities and permits.