The circumstances in which a dominant company may grant rebates to its customers to encourage them to purchase from it is one of the most complex and controversial aspects of Article 102 TFEU. This Practice Note details the approach to rebates of both the European Commission and the EU Courts, including the Intel case, placing developments in the context of the wider debate surrounding whether competition authorities should adopt a form-based or more economic (effects-based) based approach to Article 102 TFEU.