This Practice Note considers enforcement actions by regulators and competition authorities, in addition to criminal prosecutions, surrounding the manipulation of benchmarks, including LIBOR, EURIBOR and Forex (FX). It discusses cross-border investigations into benchmark manipulation, and international coordination in relation to enforcement action; it also considers consequential litigation arising from civil and criminal actions. It considers LIBOR reforms that followed and the investigatory and enforcement powers and penalties under Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 (the EU Benchmarks Regulation) and Retained Regulation (EU) 2016/1011 (the UK Benchmarks Regulation). The Practice Note includes tables setting out the regulatory actions taken against both firms and individuals for benchmark manipulation; these include: the names of firms/individuals; links to the FCA/FSA Final Notice and related press release; the breaches/failings; the FCA/FSA financial penalty/enforcement action; and related UK/international civil/criminal penalties.