This Practice Note provides an overview of the EU legal regime for paediatric medicines. It discusses the obligations and incentives to stimulate the development of paediatric medicines, including the paediatric investigation plan (PIP), the paediatric studies, the paediatric-use marketing authorisation (PUMA), the paediatric extension (PE), the orphan reward, the regulatory data and marketing protection, the partial fee exemption, as well as research funding, free scientific advice and protocol assistance. This Practice Note also explains the post-authorisation obligations, such as the obligation to place on the market, the annual deferral reports and the publication of paediatric studies. It finally introduces the sanctions imposed on companies which do not comply with the obligations on paediatric medicines.