This Practice Note provides an overview of the principal environmental law issues affecting manufacturers in England and Wales, including environmental permitting, air and industrial emissions, waste management, chemicals regulation, water pollution controls, contaminated land, producer responsibility obligations, energy labelling and ecodesign, health and safety and broader climate and sustainability requirements.Environmental requirements applicable to the manufacturing sector do not fall within a single legal regime. Instead, manufacturing operations commonly need to comply with multiple overlapping areas of environmental law, including environmental permitting, air emissions, waste management, chemicals regulation, water pollution controls, contaminated land, producer responsibility obligations and broader climate and sustainability requirements.A single operational change, such as introducing a new raw material, increasing production capacity, changing a manufacturing process or redesigning a product, can have implications across several regulatory frameworks. For example, a process change may affect permit conditions, generate new waste streams, alter chemical compliance obligations and require changes to environmental reporting. Manufacturers are often subject to oversight