509. Violent or illegal assemblies.

It is clearly established that Article 11¹ does not protect assemblies where the organisers and participants have violent intentions that result in violent disorder². To determine whether a demonstration is peaceful, the courts will look at the intention of the organisers: a distinction will be drawn between violence which is incidental to the assembly and violence which is intended by the organisers³. An individual does not lose the right to peaceful assembly if he remains peaceful while others commit acts of violence or criminality in the course of the demonstration⁴, from which it follows that non-violent assemblies will retain